Christianity and Islam in Spain (756-1031)   By: Charles Reginald Haines

A.D. 756 1031

C.R. HAINES, M.A.

AUTHOR OF "ENGLAND AND THE OPIUM TRADE"; "EDUCATION AND MISSIONS"; "VERSIONS IN VERSE."

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH &CO., PATERNOSTER SQUARE

1889

[Note: While there is only one Chapter IX in the Table of Contents, there are two in text. I believe the first was meant to be part of Chapter VIII.]

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Invasion of Spain by the barbarians Its easy conquest Quarrels among the conquerors Departure of the Vandals Visigoths gain the supremacy Conflict with Eastern Empire Reduction of the Suevi All Spain becomes Gothic Approach of Saracens Planting of Christianity in Spain St James Gospel first preached at Elvira Irenaeus Persecutions Martyrs Council of Elvira Council of Nice Number of Christians Paganism proscribed Julian Arianism Ulphilas Conversion of barbarians Degeneracy of religion Priscillian His heresy condemned Priscillian burnt Paganism, in Spain The Gothic Government Church and State Power of king Election of bishops Arianism of Goths Ermenegild Bigotry in Spain Jews Influence of clergy Of the pope 1 11

CHAPTER II.

Period of Gothic rule Degeneracy of Goths Causes of their fall Battle of Guadalete Resistance of towns Theodomir Remnant in the North Mohammedanism Its rise and progress Reduction of Africa Siege of Constantinople Attacks on Spain Tarif Arabs in Gaul Anarchy in Spain Christians in the North Clemency of the Arabs Treaties Conquest easy Rhapsodies of Isidore Slaves Jews Impartiality of Arab governors Khalifate established Feuds of Arabs and Berbers Revolt of Berbers Syrian Arabs Settlement of Arabs Effect of Berber wars 11 25

CHAPTER III.

Landing of Abdurrahman Khalifate of Cordova Condition of Christians Proselytism Apostates Arabs and Spaniards Evidence of Christian writers Condition of the people Serfs No revolts No solidarity with the Christians in the North Relations with Arabs at first friendly The jehad in Spain Martyrs in battle Fabulous martyr Anambad, first martyr Peter of Najuma No other till 824 John and Adulphus Causes of Martyrdoms Amalgamation of the two peoples Intermarriage Children of mixed parents Nunilo and Alodia Mania for martyrdom Voluntary martyrdoms The Spanish confessors Threatened deterioration in the Church Christianity infected with Moslem customs Religious fervour in convents Fanaticism, of monks Fresh martyrs Perfectus, John, Isaac Arab inability to understand the motives of these martyrs Causes of fanaticism Sanctus Peter Walabonsus, etc 25 40

CHAPTER IV.

Flora and Maria Their adventures Trial Meet Eulogius in prison Their execution Other martyrs Hidden Christians Aurelius, Sabigotha, etc Plan for procuring martyrdom Miracle in prison Execution Other martyrs Death of Abdurrahman II. Mohammed I. Martyrs Prodigy upon their execution Outrage in a mosque Punishment of offenders Apprehension of king Meditates a persecution Even a massacre Series of martyrdoms Cloister of Tabanos suppressed Columba, Pomposa Abundius a true martyr Others martyred Censor of Cordova Persecution and death of Ruderic Eulogius Parentage and antecedents Opposes amalgamation of Arabs and Christians Encourages learning of Latin Imprisonment Elected Bishop of Toledo Again imprisoned Trial Execution His relics 40 54

CHAPTER V.