Government and Administration of the United States   By: Westel W. Willoughby (1867-1945)

HERBERT B. ADAMS, Editor

History is past Politics and Politics present History Freeman

NINTH SERIES I II

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES

BY

WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY, A.B. Fellow in History

AND

WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY, A.B. U.S. Department of Labor

1801

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapters.

I. Preface

II. Government Monarchy Absolute Limited Aristocracy Democracy Republic Popular Government

III. Functions of Government Necessary Optional

IV. Colonial Governments: Their Relation to Each Other, and to England Provincial Proprietary Charter

V. Steps Toward Union Articles of Confederation New England Confederation Albany Convention Stamp Act Congress First Continental Congress Second Continental Congress Articles of Confederation Elements Tending to Separation and to Union Purposes of the Confederation Scheme of Government under the Articles Defects of the Articles

VI. Adoption of the Constitution The Constitutional Convention Arguments For and Against Adoption

VII. Presidential Succession

VIII. Election of Senators

IX. Congressional Government

X. Cabinet and Executive Departments State Department Treasury Department War Department Navy Department Interior Department Commissioner of Land Office Commissioner of Pensions Commissioner of Patents Commissioner of Indian Affairs Bureau of Education Commissioner of Railroads Geological Survey Superintendent of the Census Post Office Department Department of Justice Department of Agriculture Department of Labor Interstate Commerce Commission Fish Commission Civil Service Commission Government Printing Office National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau of Ethnology Librarian of Congress

XI. The Federal Judiciary Federal Judicial System District Courts Circuit Courts Jurisdiction

XII. Ordinance for Government of the Northwest Territory

XIII. Government of Territories Admission of a Territory as a State

XIV. State Governments State Constitutions State Legislatures State Executives State Judiciary

XV. Local Government In New England In the South In the West

XVI. City Government

XVII. Government Revenue and Expenditure Federal Government State and Local Taxes Expenditures Maryland Baltimore

XVIII. Money Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates Silver Dollars and Silver Certificates Subsidiary and Minor Coins Treasury Notes Notes of National Banks

XIX. Public Lands of the United States Educational Grants Land Bounties for Military and Naval Service Land Grants to States for Internal Improvement Sale of Public Land Under Pre emption Acts Under Homestead Acts Under Timber Culture Act Certain Lands to States Grants to Pacific and other Railroads

XX. Reconstruction

XXI. Party Machinery

XXII. National Conventions and Presidential Campaigns History and Development of the National Convention Method of Procedure

XXIII. Introduction to the Study of the History of Political Parties in the United States

Bibliographical Note

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER I.

Preface.