A Historical Geography of the British Colonies Vol. V, Canada—Part I, Historical   By: Charles Prestwood Lucas (1853-1931)

PART I (NEW FRANCE)

C. P. LUCAS

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES VOL. V

CANADA PART I HISTORICAL

BY

C. P. LUCAS, C.B.

OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD AND THE COLONIAL OFFICE

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

MDCCCCI

OXFORD

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, M.A.

PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

PAGE CHAP. I. EUROPEAN DISCOVERERS IN NORTH AMERICA TO THE END OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

CHAP. II. SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC . . . . 35

CHAP. III. THE SETTLEMENT OF CANADA AND THE FIVE NATION INDIANS 79

CHAP. IV. FRENCH AND ENGLISH DOWN TO THE PEACE OF UTRECHT . . 123

CHAP. V. THE MISSISSIPPI AND LOUISIANA . . . . . . . . . . . 147

CHAP. VI. ACADIA AND HUDSON BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

CHAP. VII. LOUISBOURG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

CHAP. VIII. THE PRELUDE TO THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR . . . . . . . . 216

CHAP. IX. THE CONQUEST OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

CHAP. X. THE CONQUEST OF CANADA ( continued ) . . . . . . . . 289

CHAP. XI. GENERAL SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

APPENDIX I. LIST OF FRENCH GOVERNORS OF CANADA . . . . . . . . 350

APPENDIX II. DATES OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CANADA DOWN TO 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

LIST OF MAPS

1. Map of the French and English possessions in North America in the middle of the eighteenth century

2. Map of New England, New York, and Central Canada, showing the waterways

3. Map of Louisbourg

4. Map of Quebec

[Illustration: Map of the French and English Possessions in NORTH AMERICA in the Middle of the 18th Century]

{1}

HISTORY OF CANADA

CHAPTER I

EUROPEAN DISCOVERERS IN NORTH AMERICA TO THE END OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

[Sidenote: The British possessions in North America. ]

The British possessions in North America consist of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Canada. Under the Government of Newfoundland is a section of the mainland coast which forms part of Labrador, extending from the straits of Belle Isle on the south to Cape Chudleigh on the north.

The area of these possessions, together with the date and mode of their acquisition, is as follows:

Name. How acquired. Date. Area in square miles.

Newfoundland Settlement 1583 1623 40,200 and Labrador 120,000

Canada Cession [Quebec] 1763 3,653,946

[Sidenote: British possessions in North America and West Indies contrasted. ]

In the Introduction to a previous volume,[1] it was pointed out that all the British possessions in the New World have one common feature; viz. that they have been, in the main, fields of European settlement, and not merely trading stations or conquered dependencies; but that, in other respects in climate, in geography, and in what may be called the strata of colonization the West Indian and North American provinces of the Empire stand at opposite poles to each other. It may be added that, in North America, European colonization was later in time and slower in development than {2} in the central and southern parts of the continent; and, in order to understand why this was the case, some reference must be made to the geography of North America, more especially in its relation to Europe, and also to its first explorers, their motives, and their methods.

[Footnote 1: Vol. ii, West Indies , pp. 3, 4.]

[Sidenote: Geographical outline of America. ]