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How to Study By: George Fillmore Swain (1857-1931) |
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BY GEORGE FILLMORE SWAIN, LL. D.
GORDON MCKAY PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN HARVARD
UNIVERSITY; PAST PRESIDENT, AM. SOC. C. E.; FORMERLY
CHAIRMAN OF THE BOSTON TRANSIT COMMISSION;
CONSULTING ENGINEER
FIRST EDITION FOURTEENTH IMPRESSION TOTAL ISSUE, 45,000
McGRAW HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1917
COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE McGRAW HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
{v} PREFACE The present paper has been suggested by a long experience in teaching,
in which the writer has been continually surprised at the ignorance
manifested by students in the higher classes of our technical schools
and universities, or graduates from such schools, with reference to
proper methods of study. If his experience is a reliable guide, &
large majority of the graduates from such schools, as well as some
teachers in them, have not acquired proper habits and methods of study,
and have devoted little or no attention to the consideration of the
subject, vital though it is. It is undoubtedly true that training in the proper habits and methods
of study should be inculcated by each individual teacher in the course
of his work, and exemplified by the occurrences in his class room. The
individual teacher can do much in this direction, and indeed the writer
may say that probably the most important part of his instruction during
the past thirty five years has been teaching his students how to study
and how to think logically, by constant reiteration of principles in
the class room and by making any failure {vi} on the part of a student
the occasion for pointing out how such failure arose from improper
methods of study or reasoning. Nevertheless, it has seemed to the writer desirable to formulate, in a
brief but simple manner, certain fundamental principles which he has
been in the habit of pointing out in the class room, and that such a
statement might perhaps be found useful with students of any grade as a
set subject of study in itself, occupying one or more lessons. With
this object in view, the present paper has been written, and it is
hoped that it will prove useful to teachers as well as to students,
suggesting to the former directions in which they may seek to discover
defects in their students and in which they may urge improvement. Most
students desire to learn but do not know how. A student will
frequently answer a question correctly, perhaps in the words of the
book, but upon further probing the teacher will very likely find that
he fails entirely to understand what he is talking about. The teacher
should seek to discover if such is the case and should, if practicable,
point out the cause of the trouble. The writer believes that if the students in our colleges will read this
paper carefully and thoughtfully, and will endeavor to follow its
precepts, {vii} they will derive some benefit. If such proves to be
the case, and if this paper affords help in enabling students to save
time and to study more understandingly, the aim of the writer will have
been accomplished.
{ix} CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. THE PROPER MENTAL ATTITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
( a ) Distinction between reading and understanding . . . . 8
( b ) Distinction between facts, opinions, and logical
conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
( c ) Importance of the questioning habit . . . . . . . . . 11
( d ) Inquiring into methods of ascertaining facts . . . . 14
( e ) Studying evidence of reliability of a writer . . . . 15
( f ) Importance of caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
( g ) Importance of the scientific attitude of mind . ... Continue reading book >>
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