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Peat and its Uses as Fertilizer and Fuel By: Samuel W. (Samuel William) Johnson (1830-1909) |
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AS FERTILIZER AND FUEL. BY SAMUEL W. JOHNSON, A. M., PROFESSOR OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, YALE COLLEGE. FULLY ILLUSTRATED. NEW YORK:
ORANGE JUDD & COMPANY.
245 BROADWAY.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by ORANGE JUDD & CO., At the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States
for the Southern District of New York. LOVEJOY & SON,
ELECTROTYPERS AND STEREOTYPERS
15 Vandewater street N. Y.
TO MY FATHER, MY EARLIEST AND BEST INSTRUCTOR IN RURAL AFFAIRS, THIS VOLUME IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED. S. W. J.
CONTENTS. Introduction vii PART I. ORIGIN, VARIETIES, AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF PEAT. PAGE
1. What is Peat? 9
2. Conditions of its Formation 9
3. Different Kinds of Peat 14
Swamp Muck 17
Salt Mud 18
4. Chemical Characters and Composition of Peat 18
a. Organic or combustible part 19
Ulmic and Humic Acids 19
Ulmin and Humin Crenic and Apocrenic Acids 20
Ulmates and Humates 21
Crenates and Apocrenates 22
Gein and Geic Acid Elementary Composition of Peat 23
Ultimate Composition of the Constituents of Peat 25
b. Mineral Part Ashes 25
5. Chemical Changes that occur in the Formation of Peat 26
PART II. ON THE AGRICULTURAL USES OF PEAT AND SWAMP MUCK. 1. Characters that adapt Peat for Agricultural Use 28
A. Physical or Amending Characters 28
I. Absorbent Power for Water, as Liquid and Vapor 31
II. " " for Ammonia 32
III. Influence in Disintegrating the Soil 34
IV. Influence on the Temperature of Soils 37
B. Fertilizing Characters 38
I. Fertilizing Effects of the Organic Matters, excluding
Nitrogen 38
1. Organic Matters as Direct Food to Plants 38
2. Organic Matters as Indirect Food to Plants 40
3. Nitrogen, including Ammonia and Nitric Acid 42
II. Fertilizing Effects of the Ashes of Peat 46
III. Peculiarities in the Decay of Peat 50
IV. Comparison of Peat with Stable Manure 51
2. Characters of Peat that are detrimental, or that need
correction 54
I. Possible Bad Effects on Heavy Soils 54
II. Noxious Ingredients 55
a. Vitriol Peats 55
b. Acidity c. Resinous Matters 57
3. Preparation of Peat for Agricultural Use 57
a. Excavation 57
b. Exposure, or Seasoning 59
c. Composting 62
Compost with Stable Manure 63
" " Night Soil 68
" " Guano 69
" " Fish and other Animal Matters 70
" " Potash lye & Soda ash; Wood ashes,
Shell marl, Lime 72
" " Salt and Lime Mixture 73
" " Carbonate of Lime, Mortar, etc 75
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