Races and Immigrants in America   By: John R. (John Rogers) Commons (1862-1945)

[Illustration: ELLIS ISLAND, IMMIGRATION STATION]

RACES AND IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA

BY JOHN R. COMMONS

PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1907

All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published May, 1907.

Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co. Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

CONTENTS

PAGE

REFERENCES vii

CHAPTER

I. RACE AND DEMOCRACY 1

II. COLONIAL RACE ELEMENTS 22

III. THE NEGRO 39

IV. NINETEENTH CENTURY ADDITIONS 63

V. INDUSTRY 107

VI. LABOR 135

VII. CITY LIFE, CRIME, AND POVERTY 160

VIII. POLITICS 179

IX. AMALGAMATION AND ASSIMILATION 198

INDEX 239

ILLUSTRATIONS

ELLIS ISLAND, IMMIGRANT STATION Frontispiece

PAGE

"RETURN OF THE MAYFLOWER." Painting By Boughton, 1834 opposite 24

ANGLO SAXON MOUNTAINEERS, BEREA COLLEGE, KENTUCKY opposite 36

COUNTIES HAVING A LARGER PROPORTION OF NEGROES IN 1900 THAN IN 1880 opposite 50

MOVEMENT OF IMMIGRANTS, IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE PER CAPITA AND IMMIGRANTS PER 10,000 POPULATION between 63 64

ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND opposite 78

NORWEGIAN, ITALIAN, AND ARABIC TYPES " 90

SLAV, JEWISH, POLACK, AND LITHUANIAN TYPES " 96

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS 1906 between 108 109

AMERICAN SCHOOL BOYS opposite 122

FILIPINO GOVERNORS " 142

GOVERNOR JOHNSON OF MINNESOTA. SWEDE " 154

DR. ORONHYATEKHA, MOHAWK INDIAN. LATE CHIEF OF ORDER OF FORESTERS " 168

CHINESE STUDENTS, HONOLULU " 186

FACULTY OF TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE " 202

SLAVIC HOME MISSIONARIES " 216

ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND " 230

REFERENCES CITED IN FOOTNOTES

"AMERICA'S RACE PROBLEMS." A series of discussions on indigenous race elements and the negro. American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. XVIII, No. 1 (1901).

ATLANTA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS:

No. 1. "Mortality among Negroes in Cities" (1896). No. 2. "Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities" (1897). No. 3. "Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment" (1898). No. 6. "The Negro Common School" (1901). No. 7. "The Negro Artisan" (1902). No. 8. "The Negro Church" (1903). No. 9. "Notes on Negro Crime" (1904). No. 10. "A Select Bibliography of the Negro American" (1905).

BALCH, EMILY GREENE, "Slav Emigration at its Source," Charities , 1906. "Introductory," Jan. 6; "Bohemians," Feb. 3; "Slovaks," March 3, April 7; "Galicia, Austrian Poles, Ruthenians," May 5.

BLUNTSCHLI, J. K., The Theory of the State . New York, 1885.

BRANDENBURG, BROUGHTON, Imported Americans (1904). Description of trip by author and wife through southern Italy and Sicily and return by steerage with immigrants.

BRINTON, DANIEL G., Religions of Primitive Peoples . New York, 1897.

BUREAU OF LABOR, Seventh Special Report, The Slums of Baltimore, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia (1894). Ninth Special Report, The Italians in Chicago (1897).

BURGESS, JOHN W., Reconstruction and the Constitution , 1866 1876. New York, 1903.