A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene For Educational Institutions and General Readers   By: Joseph Chrisman Hutchison

Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text.

[Illustration: THE VISCERA IN POSITION.]

A

TREATISE

ON

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE

FOR

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENERAL READERS.

FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

BY

JOSEPH C. HUTCHISON, M. D.,

President of the New York Pathological Society, Vice President of the New York Academy of Medicine, Surgeon to the Brooklyn City Hospital, late President of the Medical Society of the State of New York, etc.

NEW YORK:

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS,

5 BARCLAY STREET.

1872.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, By CLARK & MAYNARD. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

Stereotyped by LITTLE, RENNIE & CO. 645 and 647 Broadway.

TO MY WIFE,

WHOSE SYMPATHY HAS, FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS, LIGHTENED THE CARES INCIDENT TO

AN ACTIVE PROFESSIONAL LIFE ,

THIS HUMBLE VOLUME

IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.

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PREFACE.

o

This work is designed to present the leading facts and principles of human Physiology and Hygiene in clear and concise language, so that pupils in schools and colleges, and readers not familiar with the subjects, may readily comprehend them. Anatomy, or a description of the structure of an organ, is of course necessary to the understanding of its Physiology, or its uses. Enough of the former study has, therefore, been introduced, to enable the pupil to enter intelligently upon the latter.

Familiar language, as far as practicable, has been employed, rather than that of a technical character. With a view, however, to supply what might seem to some a deficiency in this regard, a Pronouncing Glossary has been added, which will enable the inquirer to understand the meaning of many scientific terms not in common use.

In the preparation of the work the writer has carefully examined all the best material at his command, and freely used it; the special object being to have it abreast of the present knowledge on the subjects treated, as far as such is possible in a work so elementary as this. The discussion of disputed points has been avoided, it being manifestly inappropriate in a work of this kind.

Instruction in the rudiments of Physiology in schools does not necessitate the general practice of dissections, or of experiments upon animals. The most important subjects may be illustrated by {4} drawings, such as are contained in this work. Models, especially those constructed by AUZOUX of Paris, dried preparations of the human body, and the organs of the lower animals, may also be used with advantage.

The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to R. M. WYCKOFF, M.D., for valuable aid in the preparation of the manuscript for the press; and to R. CRESSON STILES, M.D., a skilful microscopist and physician, for the chapter "On the Use of the Microscope in the Study of Physiology." Mr. AVON C. BURNHAM, the well known teacher of gymnastics, furnished the drawing of the parlor gymnasium and the directions for its use.

Brooklyn, N. Y., 1870.

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CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY 15

The Bones Their form and composition The Properties of Bone The Skeleton The Joints The Spinal Column The Growth of Bone The Repair of Bone.

CHAPTER II.

THE MUSCLES 25