A history of China., [3d ed. rev. and enl.]   By: Wolfram Eberhard (1909-1989)

by WOLFRAM EBERHARD of the University of California

Illustrated

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley and Los Angeles 1969

First published in U. S. A. by University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California

Second printing 1955 Third printing 1956 Second edition (revised by the author and reset) 1960 Reprinted 1966 Third edition (revised and enlarged) 1969

To My Wife

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

THE EARLIEST TIMES

Chapter I: PREHISTORY

1 Sources for the earliest history 7 2 The Peking Man 8 3 The Palaeolithic Age 8 4 The Neolithic Age 9 5 The eight principal prehistoric cultures 10 6 The Yang shao culture 12 7 The Lung shan culture 15 8 The first petty States in Shansi 16

Chapter II: THE SHANG DYNASTY ( c. 1600 1028 B.C.)

1 Period, origin, material culture 19 2 Writing and Religion 22 3 Transition to feudalism 24

ANTIQUITY

Chapter III: THE CHOU DYNASTY ( c. 1028 257 B.C.)

1 Cultural origin of the Chou and end of the Shang dynasty 29 2 Feudalism in the new empire 30 3 Fusion of Chou and Shang 32 4 Limitation of the imperial power 36 5 Changes in the relative strength of the feudal states 38 6 Confucius 40 7 Lao Tzu 45

Chapter IV: THE CONTENDING STATES (481 256 B.C.):

DISSOLUTION OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

1 Social and military changes 51 2 Economic changes 53 3 Cultural changes 57

Chapter V: THE CHIN DYNASTY (256 207 B.C.)

1 Towards the unitary State 62 2 Centralization in every field 64 3 Frontier Defence. Internal collapse 67

THE MIDDLE AGES

Chapter VI: THE HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C. A.D. 220)

1 Development of the gentry state 71 2 Situation of the Hsiung nu empire; its relation to the Han empire. Incorporation of South China 75 3 Brief feudal reaction. Consolidation of the gentry 77 4 Turkestan policy. End of the Hsiung nu empire 86 5 Impoverishment. Cliques. End of the Dynasty 90 6 The pseudo socialistic dictatorship. Revolt of the "Red Eyebrows" 93 7 Reaction and Restoration: the Later Han dynasty 96 8 Hsiung nu policy 97 9 Economic situation. Rebellion of the "Yellow Turbans". Collapse of the Han dynasty 99 10 Literature and Art 103

Chapter VII: THE EPOCH OF THE FIRST DIVISION OF CHINA (A.D. 220 580)

(A) The three kingdoms (A.D. 220 265)

1 Social, intellectual, and economic problems during the period of the first division 107 2 Status of the two southern Kingdoms 109 3 The northern State of Wei 113

(B) The Western Chin dynasty (265 317)