[Transcriber's Note: This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real" (unicode/utf-8) version of the file. Characters that could not be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and shown between braces: [k.], [h.], [t.], [d.], [n.], [m.], [r.] (letters with dot under: except [k.] and [h.], these are used only in Sanskrit words) [.n] (n with dot over, in Sanskrit words) [)a], [)e], [)u] (vowel with breve or "short" sign) [-a] (a with macron or "long" sign) In the section on Sanskrit origins, anusvara was printed as m with tilde. It has been changed in this e-text to [m.] (m with dot under). Note also that [´s] is written as ç, [s.] as sh, and [r.] as [r.]i. Footnote 53 of the Introduction refers to "the peculiar vowel sound represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ ... denoted by the Greek rough breathing". The reference is to the glottal stop. It is represented in this Latin-1 e-text as the grave accent `. In some sections, parts of words are italicized. These italics are shown in {braces}; elsewhere, italics are shown conventionally with _lines_. Errors are listed at the end of the e-text.] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * A MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. NEW WORKS ON MALAY LANGUAGE HANDBOOK OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE, for the Use of Tourists and Residents. By KELLY and WALSH. Second Edition. 98 pages, 12mo, cloth. 1903. 3s. 6d. net. Printed in Roman characters only. It contains an elementary grammar and an English-Malay vocabulary. SPREEKT GIJ MALEISCH? Words and phrases in Dutch, Malay, French, German, and English. By JZN. RIJNENBERG. Fourth Edition. 163 pages, oblong 8vo. 1901. 3s. 6d. net. PRACTICAL MALAY GRAMMAR, with Reading and Translation Exercises. By W. G. SHELLABEAR. 83 pages, 8vo, bound. 1899. 5s. net. All Malay words are printed in Roman characters only. MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, containing 6500 Malay words and phrases. By W. G. SHELLABEAR. 141 pages, 8vo, cloth. 1902. 6s. net. Printed in Roman characters only. MALAY-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By R. J. WILKINSON. 4to. 1901-3. Unbound, £2, 10s.; bound, £3, 3s. The Malay words are printed in Arabic and in Roman characters. ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. Fifth Edition. 245 and xxxii pages, 8vo, cloth. 1905. 8s. 6d. net. MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. By F. A. SWETTENHAM. New edition in preparation. *** Malay words printed both in Arabic and Roman characters. TRAVELLER'S MALAY PRONOUNCING HANDBOOK, for the Use of Travellers and Newcomers to Singapore. Seventh Edition. 317 and xxvi pages, 12mo, cloth. 1904. 5s. _Printed in Roman characters only._ LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. LTD. Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W. A MANUAL of the MALAY LANGUAGE. with +An Introductory Sketch of the Sanskrit Element in Malay.+ by WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL, of the Inner Temple, Barrister-At-Law; Assistant Resident, Perak, Malay Peninsula. EIGHTH EDITION. LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO. Ltd. Dryden House, Gerrard Street, W. 1907 Je n'en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s'usent emmy les rues; ceux qui veulent combattre l'usage par la grammaire se mocquent. MONTAIGNE. PREFACE. The language which I have endeavoured to illustrate in the following pages is the Malay of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, some knowledge of which I have had the opportunity of acquiring during sixteen years' service in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, and Perak. Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it is impossible to teach the colloquial language of the people without imparting to the lesson the distinct marks of a particular locality. In parts of India it is said proverbially that in every twelve _kos_ there is a variation in the language,[1] and very much the same might be said of the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands. The construction of the language and the general body of words remain, of course, the same, but in every state or subdivision of a state there are peculiar words and expressions and variations of accent and pronunciation which belong distinctively to it. Words common in one district sound strangely in another, or, it may be, they convey different meanings in the two places. Even words of such constant occurrence as the personal pronouns "I" and "you" vary according to locality. The Kedah accent is easily distinguished from that of Patani, and that again from the speech of Trengganu and Pahang. Certain expressions common in Penang are almost unintelligible in Malacca and Singapore, and _vice versâ_. In Perak it is not difficult to say whether a man comes from the upper or lower reaches of the river, by merely noting particular words in his conversation. Even individual villages and districts have their peculiar twang or their tricks of expression not found elsewhere. In Java, Sumatra, and other islands eastward in which Malay is spoken, the pronunciation and character of the language are much influenced by the other languages current there. Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the natives speak no other tongue. [Footnote 1: Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages, p. 101.] Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles of speaking, as the court style (_bahasa dalam_), the well-bred style (_bahasa bangsawan_), the trader's language (_bahasa dagang_), and the mixed language (_bahasa kachau-kan_), but all that can be correctly said is, that a limited number of words are used exclusively in intercourse with royal personages; that persons of good birth and education, in the Eastern Archipelago, as elsewhere, select their expressions more carefully than the lower classes; and that the vocabulary of commerce does not trouble itself with the graces of style and the copious use of Arabic words which commend themselves to native writers. The written language is more stilted and less terse and idiomatic than the colloquial dialect; and even where pure Malay is employed, the influence of Arabic compositions is very marked. Whole sentences, sometimes, though clothed in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged translations of Arabic phrases. This may be verified by any one well acquainted with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really good translation of an Arabic work; for instance, Lane's translation of the "Thousand and One Nights." The Malay speaks much better than he writes, and has at his command quantities of words which never find their way into his literature, and, therefore, but rarely into dictionaries compiled by Europeans. The spelling of Malay words in the native character is hardly yet fixed, though the Perso-Arabic alphabet has been in use since the thirteenth century; and those follow but a vain shadow who seek to prescribe exact modes of spelling words regarding which even native authorities are not agreed, and of which the pronunciation may vary according to locality. The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently proves this; there are words in his dictionary which are transliterated in as many as four different ways. Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto been at the service of the English student of Malay--grammars, more or less scientifically arranged, and vocabularies and books of dialogues, which presuppose some knowledge of grammatical construction. The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of unquestionable utility to the advanced student; but it contains more than the beginner wants to know. Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put into the hands of a beginner. Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but words and sentences, and throw no light upon forms of construction. It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at once an elementary grammar and a compendium of words and sentences, which will teach the colloquial dialect and yet explain grammatical rules; and for this I have taken as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late Professor Forbes. The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of men who have made their mark in the world's history. The islands of Indonesia have never startled the Eastern world with an Akbar, or charmed it with a Hafiz or a Chand. Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic of the Malay races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller heads eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised by Europeans since the sixteenth century, when Magellan's Malay interpreter was found to be understood from one end of the Archipelago to the other. It is the strong and growing language of an interesting people, and (in the words of a recent writer on Eastern languages) "for Malay, as for Hindustani, a magnificent future may be anticipated among the great speech-media of Asia and of the world. They manifest that capacity for the absorption and assimilation of foreign elements which we recognise as making English the greatest vernacular that the world has ever seen."[2] [Footnote 2: Cust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 150.] W. E. M. THE RESIDENCY, LARUT, PERAK, _July_ 1, 1881 INTRODUCTION. The interest of Englishmen in the Malay language began with the early ventures of the East India Company in the Far East, in the first years of the seventeenth century. It was the language of commerce everywhere east of the Bay of Bengal, and our earliest adventurers found it spoken at the trading ports which they visited. The Portuguese had preceded them by a century, and the Dutch had been a little earlier in the same field. Our countrymen seem to have been indebted to the latter for their first Malay vocabulary. The minutes of the East India Company record how, on the 22d January 1614, "a book of dialogues, heretofore translated into Latin by the Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now turned the Latin into English, and supposed very fit for the factors to learn, was ordered to be printed before the departure of the ships."[1] [Footnote 1: Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, p. 272.] At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are concerned, is chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial Government in the British possessions in the Straits of Malacca and in the native states adjoining them, and to other residents in those parts, and in the Dutch settlements in the East. To these may be added the English communities of Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen all over the Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our Malay possessions, when they are compared with the magnificent islands which make up Netherlands India, excuse us, no doubt, for the secondary place which we occupy in all researches connected with the language and literature of the Malays. To the Dutch their colonies in the Eastern seas are what our Indian Empire is to us; and with them the study of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &c., takes the place of Persian, Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &c., which occupy our civilians in India. The extent and value of Dutch works on Malay subjects is, however, but little known to Englishmen in the East, owing to their general ignorance of the Dutch language. It is not too much to say that any one aiming at a thorough knowledge of the language, literature, and history of the Malay people should commence his task by learning Dutch. Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and communities widely scattered in the East, and is probably spoken with greatest purity in the states of Kedah and Perak, on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. It is spoken in all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra, Sunda, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the Moluccas, and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the numerous Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the islanders of Formosa. Siam proper has a large Malay population, descendants mainly of captives taken in war, and the language is therefore in use there in places; it is found also here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and Cochin-China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is understood over such an extensive area, and it is the common means of communication between the numerous tribes and races of the Malay family whose languages and dialects differ. Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archipelago were tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the Eastern islands as well as the more accessible portions of the Continent, descendants of whom he recognises in the negro and quasi-negro tribes that are still preserved in some of the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of the Irawadi, whom Logan designates by the term of the Tibeto-Anam family, all the races and languages from Tibet to Anam being included under it. "By a long-continued influx this family spread itself over the Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes; but its farther progress over the many islands to the north and east appears to have been checked by the older races. It was probably only by slow steps and by settling at many points that it gained a firm footing even in the western islands, and a long period must have elapsed before its tribes became so populous and spread so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb and destroy the earlier occupants."[2] The variety which exists among the languages and dialects in the region affected by these movements is thus accounted for by Logan:-- "The languages imported by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers differed as did those of the natives, and the combinations formed in different places from the contact of the two families varied in the proportions of each which entered into them. But the structures of the native tongues had strong affinities amongst themselves, and predominated in all these new combinations."[3] [Footnote 2: Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311.] [Footnote 3: Idem, p. 315.] The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the aboriginal Malay language is that of a mixed dialect, borrowing something from the Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence of which would be more apparent in the western settlements), and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian forms farther east.[4] "Lastly," Logan supposes, "a later Indian influence, belonging to a far more advanced civilisation, flowed in a great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that of the Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much progress."[5] It is to this epoch that we must ascribe the introduction of the Sanskrit element into the Malay language. [Footnote 4: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569.] [Footnote 5: Idem.] Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting evidences of a former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable _bu_, _bun_, or _bung_, for instance, occurs in a considerable number of words conveying an idea of roundness:-- _Bu-lan_ the moon. _Bu-lat_ round. _Bu-ah_ fruit. _Bu-yong_ a jar. _Bu-tir_ a grain, globule. _Bu-sar_ an arch. _Bu-kit_ a hill. _Bu-sut_ an anthill. _Bun-tar_ round. _Bun-ting_ pregnant. _Bun-chit_ pot-bellied. _Bun-tut._ the buttocks. _Bun-toh_ a numeral affix implying rotundity (cf. _lún_, Burmese), used with such words as _chin-chin_, a ring; and _kail_, a fishhook. _Bung-kok_ hump-backed. _Bung-kus_ a bundle. Many others might be cited.[6] [Footnote 6: These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign words, such as _bumi_ and _bujang_ derived from the Sanskrit _bhumi_ and _bhujangga_.] Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the monosyllable _tang_ (which in Sakai and Semang means "_hand_"), and conveying an idea of seizing or holding. _Tang-an _ the hand. _Tang-kap_ to seize. _Tang-kei_ a stalk. _Tang-gong_ to support. _Tang-gal_ to drop off (having left hold). _Tong-kat_ a walking-stick, &c. The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach to historical accuracy the successive advances which the Malay people have made on the path of civilisation. The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit, must have been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised above savage life. The purely native element in Malay furnishes all the necessary terms to express the physical objects surrounding men leading a primitive life in the forest, and all that has to do with their food, dwellings, agriculture, fishing, hunting, and domestic affairs. The use of a Sanskrit word for "plough" seems to record a revolution in agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the Malays was carried on by clearing and burning the hill-sides (a system still largely adopted in native states where land is plentiful and timber valueless), and the cultivation of the wet ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the use of the plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after the arrival of the Hindus. As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects requiring some advance in civilisation, it is found that they are expressed by words of foreign origin. These are, for the most part, Sanskrit or Arabic. The latter require no notice here, for they are of comparatively recent introduction. For the most part, they consist of terms incidental to the ethical and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic element in Malay is not accurately determinable, for new expressions are constantly being introduced. A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there is space for here. A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words which are found in Malay helps to indicate what must have been the condition of society when the Aryan came into contact with the islanders of Sumatra. It shows, independently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must have gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas, pursuits, and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers. Many of the incidents of commerce, most of the metals and precious stones, the pomp and ceremony of royalty, and the use of the elephant, are shown, by the Sanskrit nomenclature employed in describing them, to be of Hindu importation. From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive condition of a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the rude weapons of savage Malay tribes--blowpipes, spears, &c.--were supplemented by arms of a more formidable character, for which they were indebted to India. Other groups of words show, independently of other proof, that the Hindu religion was successfully planted among the Malays and flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of government was introduced in Malay countries by Hindu settlers and rulers. The word "rulers" is used advisedly, for the theory of Marsden as to the manner of the introduction of Hinduism seems to possess greater claims to general acceptance than that advocated by certain other writers, notably Leyden and Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the Sanskrit words adopted in Malay came originally through the Hindu priesthood, and that the priests through whom this was effected belonged to the Telugu race, this, in his opinion, being the people who, commencing by trading with the Malays, proceeded to partial settlement in their country, and ended by converting them to Hinduism and introducing the language and literature of the Hindus. He entirely discountenances the idea that Sanskrit could have been introduced by a people of whom it was the vernacular language.[7] He admits, however, that in Southern India Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue; that Sanskrit has found its way into Javanese and Malay in a state of comparative purity, and not intermixed with Telugu; and that there is no trace whatever of any extensive settlement of the Telugus in the Malay Archipelago. [Footnote 7: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii.] Marsden's contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat as the quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to the far East, and to conquest as the mode in which the way was cleared for its introduction.[8] [Footnote 8: "Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to say, could not have been produced otherwise than by the entire domination and possession of these islands by some ancient Hindu power, and by the continuance of its sway during several ages. Of the period when this state of things existed we at present know nothing, and judging of their principles of action by what we witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive under what circumstances they could have exerted an influence in distant countries of the nature here described. The spirit of foreign conquest does not appear to have distinguished their character and zeal, for the conversion of others to their own religious faith seems to be incompatible with their tenets. We may, however, be deceived by forming our opinion from the contemplation of modern India, and should recollect that, previously to the Mohametan irruptions into the upper provinces, which first took place about the year 1000, and until the progressive subjugation of the country by Persians and Moghuls, there existed several powerful and opulent Hindu states of whose maritime relations we are entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish the hope of future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that pervades and does so much honour to our Indian establishments." --_Marsden, Malay Grammar_, xxxii.] Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words which are found in Malay, and to deduce any theories from their presence, it is necessary, in order to avoid misconception, to notice several difficulties which cannot be overlooked. In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the Malays have obtained all the words enumerated further on direct from the people of India. All theories founded upon the presence of Sanskrit words in Malay must apply with equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger proportion of Sanskrit words than Malay. "Sanskrit words are found in greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay, their corruption increasing as we recede from Java and Sumatra."[9] It may be assumed, therefore, that in addition to the influence which Hinduism exerted among the Malays of Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with India, there was also a second source from which the Malays derived a great portion of their Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient Hindu kingdoms of Java.[10] [Footnote 9: Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii.] [Footnote 10: "The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in all probability, earliest introduced in the western part of Sumatra, the nearest part of the Archipelago to the continent of India. Java, however, became eventually the favourite abode of Hinduism, and its language the chief recipient of Sanskrit. Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears to have been disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to the Philippine Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number of Sanskrit words in Javanese and Malay--especially in the first of these--than in the other cultivated languages, from their existing in greater purity in the Javanese and Malay, and from the errors of these two languages, both as to sense and orthography, having been copied by all the other tongues. An approximation to the proportions of Sanskrit existing in some of the principal languages will show that the amount constantly diminishes as we recede from Java and Sumatra, until all vestiges of it disappear in the dialects of Polynesia. In the ordinary written language of Java the proportion is about 110 in 1000; in Malay, 50; in the Sunda of Java, 40; in the Bugis, the principal language of Celebes, 17; and in the Tagala, one of the principal languages of the Philippines, about one and a half." --_Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation_ xlvii. _Sed quære_ as to the total absence of Sanskrit in the Polynesian dialects. Ellis' "Polynesian Researches," i. 116.] These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth column of the lists of words which follow. Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are synonyms merely, there being native or Arabic words, or both, in common use to express the same object. In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often heard in the colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which in many cases they have been transplanted from Javanese romances. All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of drawing general conclusions from an analysis of the body of Sanskrit vocables found in Malay. The questions to be decided seem to be (1) whether it is possible that such a mass of terms for common objects (for they are by no means confined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could have been imported into Malay by any means except by oral communication with a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2) supposing that this could have been effected through some later Indian dialect, itself largely tinged with Sanskrit (as the Latin words in English came to us with the Norman speech), what dialect was this? Telugu, as Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to which Marsden inclines, or what? It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such questions as these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit terms in Malay has been attempted in this Introduction.[11] It is hoped that the subject may attract the attention of those more competent to deal with it, and that the researches of Sanskrit scholars may facilitate a decision which there is no pretension to pronounce here. [Footnote 11: A selection of words only is given. There are numbers of Sanskrit words in Malay which have no place in these lists.] The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem to have been the court. From the governing classes the use of Sanskrit expressions would gradually spread among the people. To this day there are certain Sanskrit words which are applied to royalty alone, there being native equivalents when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words _putra_ and _putrî_ afford an instance in point. Meaning simply "son" and "daughter" in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact of Sanskrit nomenclature having been affected at Malay courts, come to mean "_prince_" and "_princess_," and are applied only to the sons and daughters of rajas. At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have been Brahmans conversant with the sacred writings, whose teaching would gradually be the means of introducing a taste for Hindu learning and literature. _Bacha_, to read (from _bach_, to speak), is Sanskrit, but _tulis_, to write, is a native word,[12] and _surat_, a writing, is Arabic. Language, therefore, in this instance does not throw much light on the progress made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muhammadan stage of their history. Rock-inscriptions found in Province Wellesley and Singapore prove, however, that at some remote period an ancient Indian character was known on the Peninsula,[13] though it was probably confined to religious purposes. [Footnote 12: Unless the Sansk. root _likh_, to write, may be detected in the second syllable.] [Footnote 13: Journal Royal As. Soc., Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part i. 154 and 232; Idem, part ii. 62, 66.] Crawfurd, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written or spoken without the least difficulty, without a word of Sanskrit or Arabic, and described the foreign elements in Malay as "extrinsic and unessential."[14] But several words of the first necessity are Sanskrit. It would be difficult to speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the use of the relative pronouns _yang_ (Sansk. _yas_, _ya_, _yat_, who, which) and _mana_ (Sansk. _mâna_, measure), or of the common auxiliary _sudah_ (Sansk. _çuddha_,[15] pure, acquitted), which denotes the past tense. A long list might be made of common words not included in any of the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, such as _bawa_, to bring (_vaha_, bearing, carrying); _kata_, to say (_kath_, to tell, talk); _biasa_, accustomed (_abhyâsa_, reflection); _langkah_, to step, stride (_langh_, to stride over); _kelahi_, to fight (_kalaha_, quarrel); and _niala_, to blaze, to burn (_jval_). Nor is the influence of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which have been adopted in comparative purity. An extension of the sphere of research reveals whole groups of Malay words which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root, and to retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root _ju_ (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words as _juwang_, to rush against; _jungur_, prominent, a beak; _jungang_, prominent (of teeth); _juring_, sharp, pointed; _jurus_, to pull, course, direction; _juluk_, to thrust upwards; _julir_, a kind of harpoon; _julur_, to wag, to wriggle; &c. [Footnote 14: Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi.] [Footnote 15: This is the derivation given in Favre's Dictionary. Another from _so[d.]ha_, (borne, undergone) might perhaps be suggested with equal probability.] _Ap_ is a common termination of Malay words, e.g., _tangkap_, to seize; _chakap_, to speak; _silap_, to mistake, &c. The presence of the Sanskrit root _âp_ (to attain, obtain) is not indeed to be assumed in every case, but it is difficult to resist the conviction that it does form a part of many Malay derivations. D{ap}at, to obtain; r{ap}at, to approach; as{ap}, smoke (cf. vy{âp}ta); aw{ap}, steam; tangk{ap}, to seize, grasp; a{lap}(Jav.), to take; are instances which, among others, might be cited. _Gal_ (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is another root which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words, _e.g._, tang{gal}, to fall off, to drop out; ting{gal}, to leave, forsake; tung{gal}, solitary; pang{gal}, to chop off, a portion chopped off. Compare also _gali_, to dig; teng{gal}am, to sink; tu{gal}, to sow rice by putting seeds into holes made with a sharp stick; {gal}ah, a pole; {gal}a-{gal}a, pitch. If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of these words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the comparatively pure Sanskrit words, the importation of which into Malay is the subject now under discussion. The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was first remarked by Sir William Jones,[16] and the subject received more attention at the hands of Marsden, who gives a short list of fifteen words, "taken, with little pains in the selection, from a Malayan dictionary."[17] Many of the Sanskrit words are, as Marsden observes, "such as the progress of civilisation must soon have rendered necessary, being frequently expressive of the feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary modes of thought which result from the social habits of mankind, or from the evils that tend to interrupt them." This assertion might have been put in more forcible terms had it occurred to the author to include not only words expressive of thought and feelings, but even some signifying natural objects, though doubtless most of these are expressed by aboriginal words. _Hari_, day, is clearly identical with the Sanskrit _hari_, "the sun," which is also used as a name of Vishnu or Krishna. _Mata-hari_, the sun (Malay), is thus "the eye of Hari," and is a compound formed of the native word _mata_ and the Sanskrit _hari_. _Halilintar_, a thunderbolt, seems to be compounded similarly of _hari_ and _lontar_ (to hurl), "hurled by Hari." Here the _r_ has been softened into _l_. The Sanskrit _kapala_ has almost entirely superseded the use of the old native word _ulu_ or _hulu_, the head; the latter, however, is found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the substantive _hulubalang_, a war-chief, from _hulu_, head, and _bala_, an army. [Footnote 16: Asiatic Researches, iii. 11, 12.] [Footnote 17: On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature extant among the Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations, Leyden, As. Res. x.] The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit for words to express the human body and members is shown in the following list:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages[18] |The body | |salîra | | |çarîra | | | |J. _sarira_; Bat. _sorira_. |Limb, member, body | |anggûta | | |angga | | | |J. _ongga_. |Form, appearance | |rûpa | | |rûpa | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and Bu. _rupa_. |Joint | |sendi | | |sa[m.]dhi | | | |S. _sandi_; D. _sandik_, bound; Tag. and Bis. _sandig_, | | | |unite. |Head | |kapâla | | |kapâla (the skull) | | | |J., S., D., Mak. _kapala_, chief; Bat. _kapala_, thick. |Tongue | |lîdah | | |lih (to lick), lîdha (licked) | | | |J. _lidah_; Bat. _dila_; Mak. and Bu. _lila_; D. _jela_; | | | |Tag. and Bis. _dila_. |Pulse | |nâdî | | |nâ[d.]î (artery, vein, intestine) |Shoulder | |bâhû | | |bâhu (the arm) | | | |J. _bahu_; S. and D. _baha_. |Hair of the body | |rôma | | |roman |Foot | |pâda | | |pâda | | | |Kw. _pada_. [Footnote 18: The words in this column have been taken from the Malay and French Dictionary of the Abbé Favre. J. signifies Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat. Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D. Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala, and Malg. Malagasi.] Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of Sanskrit terms to the Malay language, most of which are so necessary in everyday life that it is difficult to conceive the poverty of a dialect which contained no words to express them. The following list contains the greater number of them:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Time | |kâla, kâli | | |kâla | | | |J. and S. _kala_. |When | |tatkâla | | |tad (this) kâla |Time, period | |katika | | |ghatikâ (a division of time) | | | |Bat. _katika_; D. _katika_. |Time, period, hour | |dewâsa | | |divasa (a day) | | | |J. _diwasa_, adult; Mak. _rewusa_. |Just now | |tâdî | | |tad (this, that) | | | |S. _tadi_. |Day | |hârî | | |hari (the sun) | | | |J. and B. _hari_. |Day | |dîna | | |dina | | | |J. _dina_. |Dawn | |dînahârî | | |from dina and hari |Evening, sunset | |senja, or senja- kala | | |sa[m.]dhyâ (twilight) | | | |Bat. _sonja_; J. _chandik-kala_, evg. twilight. |Always | |santîasa | | |nityaças | | | |J. _nityasa_. |Old, former | |sadîa |Former time | |sadîa-kâla | | |sâdhya (from sâdh, to finish, accomplish) |Continually | |sada-kâla | | |sâda (perishing) |Time (when) | |bîla | | |velâ |Time, season, period | |mâsa | | |mâsa (month) | | | |J. and S. _mangsa_; Tag. _masa_. Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. Their presence suffices without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. _Buah pala_, the Malay phrase for the "nutmeg," is in strictness a pleonasm, for _phala_ signifies "fruit" in Sanskrit, as _buah_ does in Malay. TERMS OF COMMERCE. |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Nutmeg | |pâla | | |phala (fruit) | | | |J. and S. _pala_. |Clove | |lawang | | |lava[m.]ga |Eagle-wood | |g[)a]hârû | | |aguru | | | |J., S., and Mak. _garu_; D. _garo_, perfume. |Camphor | |kâpur, kâpur bârus | | |karpûra | | | |J., S., and D. _kapur-barus_; Mak. _kaporo barusu_ |Sandalwood | |chandâna | | |chandana | | | |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_ |Musk | |kastûrî | | |kastûrî | | | |J. and S. _kasturi_; Mak. _kasaturi_; Tag, and Bis. | | | |_kastoli_. |Charcoal | |ârang | | |a[.n]gâra | | | |J. and S. _areng_; S. _arang_; Bat. _agong_; D. _aring_; | | | |Tag. and Bis. _oling_. |Sugar | |gûla | | |gu[d.]a (molasses) | | | |J., S., and D. _gula_; Mak. _golla_. |Saltpetre | |sandâwa | | |saindhava (rocksalt) | | | |J. _sendawa_; S. _chindawa_. |Silk | |sûtra | | |sûtra (thread, fibre) | | | |J. and S. _sutra_; Bat. _suntora_; Mak; and Bu. _sutara_; | | | |Tag. _sutla_. |Cotton | |kâpas | | |karpâsa | | | |J., S., and D. _kapas_ Bat. _hapas_; Mak. _kapasa_; | | | |Bis. _gapas_. |Gunny-bag | |gônî | | |go[n.]i | | | |S. _goné_ |Price | |harga | | |argha | | | |S. and Bat. _harga_; J. and D. _rega_; Mak. _angga_; | | | |Tag. and Bis. _halaga_. |Profit | |lâba | | |lâbha | | | |Kw., Bat., Mak., and D. _laba_; Tag. and Bis. _laba_, | | | |increase, usury. |Scales for weighing | |narâcha | | |nârâchî (a gold smith's scales) | | | |Kw. _naracha_; J. and S. _traju_ |A bhar (native weight = 3 pikuls) | |b[)a]hâra | | |bhâra (a load, a weight) | | | |Kw. and Mak. _bara_ 100 millions: Bis. _bala_, to load | | | |on the back. |A cubit | |hasta | | |hasta | | | |J. and S. _asta_. |A number, figure | |ângka | | |a[.n]ka (a mark, a cipher) | | | |J. _ongka_; S., Mak., Bu., and D. _angka_. |Ten thousand | |laksa | | |laksha (100,000) | | | |J. _leksa_; S., D., Tag. and Bis. _laksa_; Bat. _loksa_; | | | |Mak., _lassa_. |A million | |jûta | | |ayuta (10,000) | | | |J. and S. _yuta_. Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay countries. |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Gold | |âmas, mas | | |mas (to mete, to measure) | | | |J. _emas_; S. _mas_; Bat. _omas_; D. _amas_; Tag. and Bis. | | | |_amas_, gold, weight. |Gold | |kanchâna | | |kânchana | | | |Kw. and S. _kanchana_. |Copper | |tambâga | | |tâmra | | | |J. _tembaga_; S. _tambaga_; Bat. _tombaga_; | | | |Mak. _tambaga_; Tag. and Bis. _tumbaga_. |Tin | |tîmah | | |tîvra | | | |J., S., and D. _timah_; Bat. _simbora_; Mak. _timbera_; | | | |Tag. and Bis. _tingga_. |Quicksilver | |râsa | | |rasa | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _rasa_. |Pinchbeck | |suwâsa | | |suvarchasa (brilliant) | | | |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _suwasa._ |Glass | |kâcha | | |kâcha | | | |J., S., Mak., and Bu. _kacha_; D. _kacha_; and _kasa_; | | | |Tag. _kasa_, blue and green stone. |Mica | |âbrak[19] | | |abhra (amber, talc) |Crystal | |golega | | |golaka (globule) |Jewel, precious stone | |mânî | | |ma[n.]i | | | |J. _mani_. | |mânikam | | |ma[n.]ika | | | |Kw. and S. _manikem_; Mak. _manikang_. | |kamâla | | |kamala (lotus) | | | |Kw. _kuma`a_; Bat. _humala_, snake-stone. |Sapphire | |nîlam (nîla, blue) | | |nîla (blue) | | | |J. and S. _nila_; Mak. _nyila_, blue. |Opal | |bidûri | | |vidûra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli) |Ruby | |dalîma | | |dâlima (pomegranate) |Jewel, brilliant | |mustîka | | |mushtika (goldsmith) |Topaze | |pusparâgam | | |pushparâga |Pearl | |mutia, mutiara | | |muktâ |Jewel, precious stone | |permâta | | |paramata (excellence) | | | |Kw. _pramati_, a very beautiful object. |Jewels of five kinds | |panchalôgam | | |panchaloha (five metals) [Footnote 19: Favre derives _abrak_ from the Arabic.] The implements, utensils, instruments, &c., the names of which, if not the things themselves, the Malay races have borrowed from their Indian conquerors and rulers, are as follows:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |A lock | |kunchî | | |kunchikâ (a key) | | | |J., S., and D. _kunchi_; Bat. _hunsi_; Mak. _konchi._ |A bell | |ganta | | |gha[n.][t.]â | | | |J. and S. _genta_; Bat. _gonta_; D. _ganta_; | | | |Mak. _garaganta_. |A water vessel | |kindî | | |ku[n.][d.]î | | | |J. and S. _kendi_. |A net | |jâla | | |jâla | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _jala_. |A box | |petî | | |pe[t.]î (basket, bag) | | | |S. _peti_; Mak. _patti_; D. _pati_. |Name of a sword | |chora | | |kshura (a razor) |A plough | |tanggâla | | |hala | | | |Bat. _tinggala_; Mak. _nangkala_. |Chess | |châtur | | |chatur (four) | | | |J. and S. _chatur_. |Dice | |jûdî | | |dyûta (game at dice) | | | |J. _judi_; Bat. _juji_. |A saw | |gargâjî | | |krakacha | | | |J. _graji_; S. _gergaji_; Bat. and Mak. _garagaji_. |An awl | |jâra | | |ârâ | | | |J. and S. _jara_. |A coffin | |karanda | | |karanda (basket) | | | |Bat. _hurondo_. |Royal umbrella | |chatrâ | | |chhattra |Salver with a pedestal | |charâna | | |chara[n.]a (a foot) | | | |S. _charana_; Bat. _sarano_; D. _sarana_. |A wheel | |jantrâ | | |yantra (an engine or machine) | | | |J. _jontra_; S. _jantra_. |Chariot | |râta | | |ratha | | | |J. _rata_. |Lyre, lute | |kechâpî | | |kachchhapi | | | |S. _kachapi_; Bat. _husapi_; D. _kasapi_. |Flute | |bangsî | | |vançî |Pipe, flute | |mûri | | |muralî The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of inferiors addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay. It is noticeable, however, that some of the most ordinary Malay phrases of politeness are Sanskrit. _Tâbek_ (J. and S. _tabé_; Bat. _santabi_; Mak. _tabeya_; D. _tabi_; Tag. and Bis. _tabi_; Tag. _santabi_, to show respect), which corresponds to the Indian _salaam_ in communications between Europeans and Malays, means properly "pardon," and is derived from the Sanskrit _kshantavya_, excusable; _sîla_, to sit cross-legged[20] (the respectful attitude indoors), is the Sanskrit _çîl_, to meditate, to worship; and _sîla_, a Malay term of politeness, which in some respects answers to our "if you please," but which also means "to invite," has its origin in the Sanskrit word _çîla_, good conduct, moral practice. The same language, too, supplies a considerable number of words denoting family and relationship:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Father | |âyah | | |vayas (prime of life) | | | |J. _ayah_, grandson; S. _aya_; Mak. _aya_, mother. |Brother | |sûdâra | | |sodarya | | | |J. _saudara_. |Husband | |swâmî | | |svâmin |Wife | |istrî | | |strî (a woman) | | | |J. _estri_; S. _istri_. |Virgin | |ânak dâra | | |dâra (wife), adâra (unmarried) | | | |Kw. _dara_; J. _lara_; Bat. _dara_; Mak. _rara_; | | | |S. _dara_, a young woman who has just got her first child. |Relationship | |pangkat | | |pa[.n]kti (a line, row) |Race | |bangsa | | |va[m.]ça | | | |J. _wongsa_; S., Bat., and D. _bangsa_; Mak. _bansa_. |Family | |kulawarga | | |kula (family), varga (class) | | | |J. _kulawarga_. |Do. | |kulawangsa | | |va[m.]ça [Footnote 20: J., S., and Tag. _sila_; S. _silah_, to invite; Bat. _sila_, a gift of welcome.] The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have been borrowed either from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former supplying the following:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Eclipse | |grahana | | |graha[n.]a | | | |J. _grahana_. |Firmament | |udara | | |adhara (lower) |Celestial sphere | |chakrawâla | | |chakra-vâla (horizon; a range of mountains supposed to | | | |encircle the earth and to be the limit of light and | | | |darkness) |Atmosphere | |bumantâra | | |_cf._ dyumantara (brilliancy) | | | |Kw. _bomantara_; J. _jumantara_. |The heavens, æther | |angkasa | | |âkâça | | | |Kw. and S. _akasa_. |The milky-way | |bîmasaktî | | |bhîma (terrible), çakti (strength, power) | | | |S. _bimasakti_; J. _bimasakti_, the name of a star |Pleiades | |kertîka | | |k[r.]ittikâ (the third of the lunar mansions) |The sign Cancer in the Zodiac | |mangkâra | | |makara | | | |J. _mangkara_, crab. |Astrology | |panchalîma | | |panchan (five) To these may be added _Râhû_ (Sansk. _Râhu_, a deity to whom eclipses are ascribed) and _Kedû_ (Sansk. _Ketu_, the mythological name of the descending node, represented as a headless demon), monsters who are supposed by the Malays to cause eclipses by swallowing the moon. To denote the points of the compass the Malays have native, Sanskrit, and Arabic terms. Utâra (_uttara_),[21] the north, and da[k.]sina (_dakshi[n.]a_), the south, are Sanskrit words; and _pa[k.]sina_, the north, has evidently been coined by Malays in imitation of _da[k.]sina_. [Footnote 21: J., S., and D. _utara_; Bat. _otara_; Bis. _otala_, east wind.] The elephant is most generally known all over the Archipelago by its Sanskrit name _gajah_. Sanskrit terms are also used to signify the driver of an elephant and several articles used in connection with this animal. From these circumstances we may probably conclude, with Crawfurd, that the art of training and domesticating elephants was first learned by the Malays from natives of India.[22] [Footnote 22: Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.] |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Elephant | |gâjah | | |gaja | | | |J., S., and D. _gajah_; Bat. and Mak. _gaja_; | | | |Tag. _gadia_; Bis. _gadya_. |Elephant-driver | |gambâla-gâjah | | |gopâla (herdsman) |Goad | |ângkus, kwâsa | | |a[.n]kuça |Foot-chain | |ândûwân | | |andu (chain) |Front part of the head | |gomba, kumba | | |kumbha |Unbroken, vicious (of an elephant); the condition called _musth_ | |meta | | |mada (elephant in rut) | | | |Kw. _meta_, wild elephant. |Hobbles for securing the feet | |sengk[)a]la | | |ç[r.]i[.n]khala (a chain) The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the Malay peninsula appear, however, to be adapted mainly from the Siamese, and it is from this people that the Malays of the continent have acquired much of their modern knowledge of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the elephant. The names of animals, birds, &c., indicate, as might be expected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays are indigenous, there are some species which have been imported, or which, belonging to other countries, are known by name only in the Archipelago. The word _morga_, (m[r.]iga) and _satwâ_ (sattva),[23] both meaning "an animal," are Sanskrit, and if the commoner word _benâtang_ is derived, as seems possible, from the Sanskrit _vana_, forest, there is no purely native generic term to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore, the early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesticated by them, as well as those which they encountered in their forests, it was not until the period of their intercourse with more civilised races from India that they learned to generalise and to comprehend the brute creation under one term. The following Sanskrit words for animals, &c., occur in Malay:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Lion | |sînga | | |si[m.]ha | | | |J. and S. _singa_ and _singha_; Mak. and D. _singa_. |Jackal | |srîgâla | | |c[r.]igâla | | | |Bat. _sorigala_; J. _segawon_, a dog. |Camel | |onta | | |ush[t.]ra (a camel) | | | |J. and Mak. _unta_; S. _onta_. |Wild bull | |ândâka | | |dhâka | | | |Kw. _daka_ and _andaka_. |Ichneumon | |charpalei | | |sarpâri (sarpa, a snake) |A small yellow snake, about a span long | |chintâ-mani | | |chintâ-ma[n.]i (a fabulous gem, the possessor of which gets | | |all he wishes for) |Scorpion | |kâla | | |kâla (black) | | | |J., S., D., and Malg. _kala_; Bat. _kala_; | | | |Mak. _pati-kala_. |Crow | |gâgak | | |kâka | | | |J. and S. _gayak_; Bat. _gak_; Mak. _kala_; D. _kak_. |Peacock | |m[)e]ra[k.] | | |barha, varha | | | |J. and S. _merak_; Mak. _muraka_; D. _marak_. |Goose[24] | |angsa, hangsa, gangsa | | |ha[m.]sa | | | |J. _ongsa_; S. _gangsa_. |Pigeon | |m[)e]r-[)a]pâti, perapâti | | |pârâpatî | | | |S. _japati_; Bat. _darapati_; Tag. _palapati_; | | | |Bis. _salapati_. |Eagle-falcon | |râjawâlî | | |rajjuvâla (a species of bird) |Indian cuckoo (_Gracula religiosa_) | |kokila | | |kokila | | | |J. _kokila_. [Footnote 23: J. _mergu_; J. _sato_; S. _satoa_; D. _satua_; Bat. _santuwa_, a mouse.] [Footnote 24: Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the domesticated animals are native, one exception being the goose, which, he thinks, may therefore be supposed to have been of foreign introduction (Crawfurd's Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.). It must be remembered, however, that among the Hindus the goose is worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and that, being thus in a manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally be in use wherever the Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as riding on a white _ha[m.]sa_.] Perhaps the Malay word _harîmau_ (Kw. _rimong_; Bat. _arimo_, tiger-cat; D. _harimaung_, panther), a tiger, may have been formed from _Hari_ (Krishna or Vishnu) and _m[r.]iga_ (an animal). Words similarly compounded with _m[r.]iga_ (Malay _morga_) are not uncommon in Sanskrit, _e.g._, _K[r.]ish[n.]a-m[r.]iga_ (the black antelope), _mahâ-m[r.]iga_ (an elephant).[25] The terms in use for "horse" and "sheep" seem to indicate that those animals were first brought to Malay countries from India. _Kûda_, horse (Kw. and S. _kuda_), is derived by Crawfurd from _ghora_ (Hindi), by others from _kudra_ (Tamul). _Bîri-bîri_ (sheep) is said to be borrowed from the Hindi _bher_, which is itself derived from the Sanskrit _bhe[d.]a_, a ram, or from _bhîru_ (Sansk.), a goat. Certain fabulous birds and reptiles which belong to the domain of Hindu mythology have their places also in Malay folk-lore; such as _garu[d.]a_,[26] the eagle of Vishnu, and _Ja[t.]âyu_ (Malay _jintâyu_), a fabulous vulture; _chandrawâsi_, a name given by Malays to a fabulous bird which is heard but never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit origin. To these _nâga_, a dragon, may be added (J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _naga_). [Footnote 25: Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the Tamul _ari-mâ_, a male lion.] [Footnote 26: J. and S. _garuda_; Mak. _guruda_.] The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants, and flowers which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit names. Some of these are closely connected with another group of words to be noticed presently, namely, those which belong to the department of religion. The use of sweet-smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious worship of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them to be sacred to the worship of particular gods are called by Malays by the same names which they bear in the temples of India, is a remarkable example of an historical lesson latent in words. It points to the fact, abundantly proved by other evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway where it has long been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words which have no special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay were fraught with mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors. In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been applied by the Malays to different plants from those designated by the same expressions in India. In other cases, names unknown in classical Sanskrit, but obviously compounded of Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or Javanese. The common native Malay term for "flower" is _bûnga_; _sâri_ (Javanese _sari_, Sansk. _kesara_) and _puspa_ (Sansk. _pushpa_) have been borrowed from India. |English or Latin. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Michelia champaka | |champaka | | |champaka (dedicated by the Hindus to Krishna; one of | | |Kamadeva's arrows is tipped with it) | | | |J. and S. _champaka_; Mak. _champaga_. |Jonesia asoka | |ângsôka | | |açoka (sacred to Mahadeva, and held in the highest veneration | | |by the Hindus) | | | |J. _angsoka_ and _soka_. |Mesua ferrea | |nâgasârî (Rigg supposes the Malay plant to be _Acacia | |pedunculata_; Marsden, _Acacia aurea_). | | |nâgakesara ("The delicious odour of its blossoms justly | | |gives them a place in the quiver of Kamadeva." --_Sir William | | |Jones_) |Jasminum sambac (jasmine) | |malâtî | | |mâlatî (_Jasminum grandiflorum_[27]) | | | |J. _malati_; S. _melati_. |Arabian jasmine (_Nyctanthes_?) | |melor | | |mâdhura (cf. _malura_, Cratæva religiosa) | | | |J. _menur_; Kw. _menur_, silver. |Ocymum basilicum (holy basil) | |sulasi | | |tulasî (sacred to Krishna) | | | |J. _selasih_ and _telasih_; S. _selasi_; Mak. _tolasi_; | | | |Tag. _solasi_. |Uvaria odorata (or cananga) | |kenânga | | |kânana[28] (a forest) | | | |J. _kenonga_; Mak. and Bu. _kananga_. |Santalum album, sandal-wood | |chandâna | | |chandana ("Perpetually mentioned in the most ancient books | | |of the Hindus as flourishing on the mountains of Malaya" | | |--_Sir Wm. Jones_) | | | |J. and S. _chendana_; Tag. and Bis. _sandana_. |Plumieria acutifolia | |kambôja | | |kâmboja (a kind of _mimosa_) | | | |S. _kamboja_. |Nelumbium speciosum, lotus. | |saroja | | |saroja | | | |J. _saroja_. |Vitex trifoliata | |lagundi [29] | | |nirgandhi ("Which Bontius calls _lagondi_." --_Sir Wm. | | |Jones_) _-Gandhi_ is used in the latter part of a compound | | |word with same meaning that _gandha_ has: "smell," "odour" | | | |J. _legundi_; Bat. _gundi_. |Alpinia galanga, or Curcuma reclinata | |gâdamâla | | |_gandha_, smell; _mâlâ_, a garland |Justicia gandarusa | |gandarusa | | |_gandha_, smell; _rusa_ (Malay), a deer(?) | | | |S. _gandarusa_ |Hibiscus abelmoschus | |gandapûra | | |_gandha_, smell; _pura_, calix of a flower | | | |Mak. _gandapura_ |Hedichium coronarium | |gandasûlî | | |_gandha_, smell | | | |S. _gandasoli_. |Liquidambar altingiana | |rasamala | | |_surasa_, sweet, elegant; _mâlâ_, a garland |Carthamus tinctorius, safflower | |kasumba | | |kusumbha | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _kasumba_; Tag. _kasubha_; | | | |Bis. _kasobha_. |Crocus sativus, saffron | |kumkumâ | | |ku[m.]kuma | | | |J. _kamkuma_; Mak. _kuma_. |Alyxia stellata; an odoriferous root used in medicine | |pûlasâri | | |phul (_Hind_.), flower; _sari_ (Javanese), from _kesara_ | | |(Sansk.), a flower |Tectonia grandis, teak | |jâtî | | |jâti (synonymous with _malati_), Jasminum grandiflorum | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and D. _jati_. |Pterocarpus indicus | |ângsâna | | |asana (Terminalia alata tomentosa) | | | |J. and S. _angsana_. |Borassus flabelliformis | |lontar | | |tâla | | | |J. and S. _lontar_; Bat. _otal_; Mak. _tala_; Bu. _ta_; | | | |Tag. _tual_. |Eugenia jambu, roseapple | |jambû | | |jambu | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _jambu_; Bu. _jampu_; Tag. _dambo_; | | | |Bat. _jambu-jambu_, fringe; Bu. _jambo-jambo_, fringe, | | | |plume. |Mangifera indica, mango | |mampelam | | |from Telugu, _mampalam_; Sansk. _mahâphala_, "great fruit" | | | |J. _pelem_; S. _ampelem_. |Spondias myrobolan (or mangifera) | |âmra | | |âmra (the mango, _Mangifera indica_); âmrâta (_Spondias | | |mangifera_) |Punica granatum, pomegranate | |dalîma | | |dâ[d.]ima and dâlima |Zizyphus jujuba | |bidâra | | |vidara | | | |J. _widara_; S. _bidara_. |Cucurbita lagenaria, gourd, pumpkin | |lâbû | | |alâbu | | | |S. _labu_; Bat. _tabu-tabu_; Malg. _tawu_. |Tricosanthes laciniosa | |patôla | | |pa[t.]ola |Cassia fistula | |biraksa | | |v[r.]iksha (a tree) |Emblica officinalis | |malâka | | |âmalaka (Emblic myrobalan) | | | |S. _malaka_; Bat. _malakah_. [Footnote 27: "Commeline had been informed that the Javans give the name of _Malati_ to the _Zambak_ (_Jasminum sambac_), which in Sanskrit is called _Navamalika_, and which, according to Rheede, is used by the Hindus in their sacrifices; but they make offerings of most odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the various _Jasmins_ and _Zambaks_." --_Sir William Jones_, _As. Res._ iv.] [Footnote 28: Ainslie's Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. _Kanana_ occurs in the names of several flowers, _e.g._, _kanana karavira_, Plumieria alba.] [Footnote 29: Perhaps a corruption of _nila-gandhi_. Ainslie gives the Sanskrit name as _jela-nirghoondi_.] _Pâlas_, _palâsa_, and _palâsang_ are Malay names for trees of different kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with the Sanskrit _palâça_ (_Butea frondosa_, a tree which is held by Hindus to be peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding list affords several illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. To it might be added several words borrowed from other Indian languages, such as _nânas_, pine-apple (Hind. _ananas_), _bilimbing_ (Tamul _bilimbi_), &c., &c.[30] [Footnote 30: J. _nanas_; S. _kanas_; Bat. _honas_; D. _kanas_; J. and S. _balimbing_; Bat. _balingbing_.] Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words expressive of the feelings and emotions of the human mind which occur in Malay, and Arabic also furnishes several. Either their synonymous native terms have been lost, or the Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and name the emotions he experiences and sees experienced by others. Good and bad qualities, in the same way and for the same reason, seem often to bear Sanskrit appellations. The following list does not profess to be complete:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Pleasure, to be pleased | |sûka | | |sukha | | | |J., S., and D. _suka_ |Joy, rejoiced | |suka-chita | | |sukha-chit (chit = thought, the heart) |Sorrow, grief | |dûka | | |duhkha (pain) | | | |J. and S. _duka_. | |duka-chita | | |duhkha-chit |Care, anxiety, concern | |chinta | | |chintâ (thought) | | | |J. _chipta_; S. _chinta_; Mak. _chita_; D. and Tag. | | | |_sinta_. |Passionately in love | |berâhî | | |virahin (suffering separation) | | | |J. _birahi_. |Angry | |murka | | |mûrkha (stupidity) | | | |J. _murka_, greedy, dissatisfied. |Hope | |âsa | | |âçâ | | | |Tag. _asa_. |Love | |âsmâra | | |smara | | | |J. and S. _asmara_. |Avarice, covetousness | |lôba | | |lobha | | | |Kw. _loba_, voluptuous, luxurious; S. _loba_, abundant. |Wisdom, understanding | |bûdî | | |buddhi | | | |J. and S. _budi_. |Stupid, foolish | |bôdoh | | |abodha | | | |J. and S. _bodo_. |Wise, learned | |pandei | | |pa[n.][d.]ita | | | |J., S., and Bat. _pandé_. |Lazy | |malas | | |alasa |Charity, benevolence | |dermâ | | |dharma | | | |J. and S. _derma_; Bat. _dorma_, means of gaining | | | |affection. |Generous | |dermâwan | | |dharmavant |Fidelity | |setîa | | |satya | | | |J. _satya_ and _secha_; S. _sacha_. |Faithful, loyal | |setîâwan | | |satyavant |Thought, to think | |sangka | | |ça[.n]ka |To suspect, conjecture | |tarka | | |tarka (doubt, reason) | | | |J. and S. _tarka_ and _terka_. |Blame | |chelâ | | |chhala (fraud) | | | |J. _chela_; Mak. _challa_. |Misfortune, vile, base | |chelâka | | |chhalaka (deceiving, a deceiver) | | | |J. and S. _chelaka_; Mak. _chilaka_; D. _chalaka_. |Sin, crime | |dôsa | | |dush (to sin) | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_. |False, untrue | |dusta | | |dushta |Merit meritorious actions | |pahâla | | |phala (fruit, produce, result) | | | |Kw. _pahala_, fruit, merit. |Happiness, good fortune | |bahagîa | | |bhâgya (lot, fate) | | | |J. _bagya_; S. _bagia_; Bat. _badiya_. |Use, value, quality | |guna | | |gu[n.]a (quality) | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _guna_. Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and an ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war may be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms are numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be instanced the following:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Army | |bâla, bâlatantrâ | | |bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring) | | | |J. and S. _bala_. |Fort | |kôta | | |kû[t.]a | | | |J. _kuta_; Bat. _kuta_; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis. | | | |_kota_. |Bastion, redoubt | |mâlawâti [31] | | |balavatî (strong, powerful)? |Weapon, arm | |senjâta | | |sajjâ (armour), sajjatâ, readiness | | | |Kw. and Mak. _sanjata_; Bat. _sonjata_; D. _sandata_. |Bow | |pânah | | |vâ[n.]a (an arrow) | | | |J., S., and D. _panah_; Mak. _pana_; Tag. and Bis. | | | |_pana_, arrow. |Dagger | |kris | | |k[r.]it (to cut, to kill) | | | |J. and S. _keris_ and _kris_; Bat. _horis_; Mak. _kurisi_; | | | |Tag. and Bis. _kalis_. |Discus | |chakra | | |chakra |Club | |gada | | |gadâ | | | |J. _gada_. |Cross-bow | |gandî | | |gâ[n.][d.]iva | | | |J. _gandewa_. |Pike | |sanggamâra | | |sa[m.]grâma (war, battle) |Knife | |churîka | | |chhurikâ | | | |Kw. _churika_, a kris. |Enemy | |satrû | | |çatru | | | |J. and S. _satru_. |Battlefield | |râna | | |ra[n.]a (battle) | | | |Kw. and S. _rana_. |Victory | |jaya | | |jaya | | | |J. and S. _jaya_. [Footnote 31: Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from the Portuguese _baluârte_, a bulwark.] Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a "mixed patriarchal and oligarchical" form.[32] Crawfurd was not satisfied that the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised much influence on Malayan government;[33] but when to these is added a long catalogue of words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an important part in moulding the institutions of the Malays. The following are some of the principal titles, &c., in use about the court of a Malay Raja:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |King | |râja | | |râj | | | |J., S., and Bat. _raja_. |Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay |chiefs) | |mahârâja | | |mahârâja (a king, sovereign) |_Adiraja_ (a title) | |âdirâja | | |âdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and | | |of a son of Kuru) |King (reigning monarch) | |baginda | | |bhâgya (merit, happiness) | | | |J. _bagenda_; S. _baginda_. |_Paduka_ (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank) | |paduka[34] | | |pâduka (a shoe) | | | |J. and S. _paduka_. |_Duli_ (a title used in addressing royalty) | |dûli[34] | | |dhuli (dust) | | | |J. _duli_; Bat. _daholi_. |Queen | |permeisûrî | | |parameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva) | | | |J. _prameswari_; S. _permasuri_. |Prince | |putrâ | | |putra (a son) | | | |J. and S. _putra_. |Princess | |putrî | | |putrî (a daughter) | | | |J. and S. _putri_. |Minister | |mantrî | | |mantrin (councillor) | | | |J. _mantri_; Mak. _mantari_; S. _mantri_, a minor | | | |official. |Chief minister | |pardana-mantri | | |pradhâna |Councillor | |paramantri | | |para (highest) |Officer of the household | |sîda-sîda | | |siddha (priest, learned man) |Warrior, royal escort | |hulubâlang | | |bala (army) | | | |J. and Bat. _hulubalang_. |Sage, royal adviser | |pandîta | | |pa[n.][d.]ita | | | |J. and S. _pandita_. |Laksamana (one of the officers of state) | |laksamâna | | |lakshma[n.]a (the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ) | | | |J. and S. _laksmana_. |Treasurer | |bandahâra | | |bhâ[n.][d.]âgâra (treasure) | | | |Mak. _bandara_; J. _bendara_, master; S. _bandaran_; | | | |custom-house. |Throne | |singgahasana | | |si[m.]hâsana | | | |Kw. and S. _singasana_. |Palace | |astana | | |sthâna (place, whence the Persian _astana_, a threshold, | | |a fakir's residence) |Crown | |makôta | | |muku[t.]a | | | |J. and S. _makuta_; Mak. _makota_. |Royal insignia | |upachara | | |upachâra (service) | | | |J. _upachara_. |Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only | |magat | | |mâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman) |Officer (hero) | |punggâwa | | |pu[.n]gava (a bull; as latter part of compound words, | | |"excellent," _e.g._, _nara-pu[.n]gava_, an excellent warrior) | | | |J., S., and Mak. _punggawa_. [Footnote 32: Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572.] [Footnote 33: Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation ccii.] [Footnote 34: These two words must have been originally used by Malays in the sense which they bear in Sanskrit. "Unto the shoes of my lord's feet," or "beneath the dust of your majesty's feet," are phrases in which _paduka_ and _duli_ would immediately precede the name or title of the person addressed. Being thus used always in connection with the titles of royal or distinguished persons, the two words have been taken for honorific titles, and are so used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them high-sounding words.] The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Country | |negrî | | |nagara and nagarî | | | |J. and S. _nagara_. |District | |dêsa | | |diçâ | | | |J., and S., Bat., and D. _desa_; Mak. _dessa_. |Tax | |ûpatî | | |utpatti | | | |J. and S. _upeti_. |Hall, court | |bâlei | | |valaya (an enclosure) | | | |S. _balé_; D. _balai_, open building; J. _balé_, bench; | | | |Bat. _balé_, hut on a king's tomb. |Examine, inquire | |pre[k.]sa | | |parîkshâ | | | |J. _priksa_; Mak. _paressa_; D. _pariksa_ and _riksa_. |Cause, suit | |bichara | | |vichâra (consideration, discussion) | | | |Mak. and D. _bichara_; J. _wichara_; S. _pichara_. |Witness | |sa[k.]si | | |sâkshin | | | |J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. _saksi_. |Crime | |dosa | | |dush (to sin) | | | |J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. _dosa_. |Insult, trespass | |ângkâra | | |aha[m.]kâra (pride) | | | |Kw. _angkara_. |Injustice, oppression | |ânyâya | | |anyâya | | | |J. _aniaya_. |Inheritance | |pusâka | | |push (to possess) | | | |J., S., and Mak. _pusaka_. |Action, negotiation | |sanggêta | | |sa[m.]keta (appointment, convention) |Proof | |biti | | |vitti (probability) |Cause, matter in dispute | |âchâra | | |âchara (conduct) |Punishment | |si[k.]sa | | |çikshâ (learning) | | | |J. and S. _siksa_; Mak. _sessa_. |Fine | |denda | | |da[n.][d.]a | | | |J. and S. _denda_; Bat. _dangdang_; D. _danda_. |Prison | |panjâra | | |panjara (a cage) | | | |J. and S. _kunjara_; Mak. _panjara_; Bat. _binjara_, | | | |a trap; D. _jara_ and _panjara_, punished. |Punishment (of a disgraceful kind inflicted on women) | |druma | | |druh (to hurt) |Slave | |sahâya | | |sahâya (companion) |Free, liberated | |mardahîka | | |m[r.]idh (to pardon?) | | | |J. and S. _mardika_; Bat. _mardaekoh_; Mak., Bu., and D. | | | |_maradeka_; Tag. _mahadlika_ |Executioner | |palabâya | | |para (exceeding) bhaya (fear) The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those connected with the Hindu religion, and with the demon-worship or spirit-worship, which was the earliest form which the religious sentiment took among the Malay tribes.[35] After the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad, the traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the aboriginal superstitions, and neither have been entirely obliterated by the cult which superseded them. The belief in the power of malignant spirits to cause misfortune, sickness, and death is still strong among the Malays, whose _pawangs_ or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke benevolent spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other Hindu deities, in complete ignorance that they are Hindu,[36] to counteract the evil influences of malevolent demons. Practices of this sort prevail most generally in places remote from Arab influence. [Footnote 35: "The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and rivers with various classes of spirits, their belief in which probably constituted their sole religion before the arrival of the Bramins." --_Crawfurd's Grammar_, _Dissertation_ cxcix.] [Footnote 36: "The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their former belief not as imaginary beings, but as real demons" (_Ibid._), just as the early Christians regarded the classic gods, and attributed oracles to diabolical agency.] The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms of Hinduism when they adopted a new religion. For instance, _puâsa_,[37] abstinence, fasting (Sansk. _upavâsa_), is used to express the annual fast of the Muhammadans during the month Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their Sanskrit names. [Footnote 37: J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_.] The following are some of the principal theological terms which have passed from Sanskrit into Malay:-- |English. | |Malay. | | |Sanskrit. | | | |Other Languages. |Religion | |âgâma | | |âgama (sacred science)[38] | | | |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _agama_. |Spiritual guide | |gûrû | | |guru | | | |J., S. Mak., Bu., and D. _guru_. |Praise, adoration | |puji, puja | | |pûj (to honour) | | |pûjâ (worshipping) | | | |J. and S. _puji_, _puja_; Bat. and Mak. _puji_; | | | |D. _mampuji_; to invoke. |Religious penance | |tâpa | | |tapas | | | |J., S., Mak., D., and Bu. _tapa_. |Heaven | |sûrga | | |svarga | | | |J. _suwarga_; S. _surga_. |Hell | |nâraka, patâla | | |naraka, pâtâla | | | |J., S., Mak., and D. _naraka_; S. _patala_. |Fast, abstinence | |puâsa | | |upavâsa | | | |J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. _puasa_; Bat. _puaso_. |Supernatural power | |sa[k.]tî | | |çakti (strength, power) | | | |J. and S. _sakti_. |Meritorious service, merit | |ba[k.]tî | | |bhakti (worship, devotion) | | | |J. and S. _bakti_. |Sacred formula, charm, spell | |mantrâ | | |mantra | | | |J. and S. _mantra_. |Incense | |dûpa | | |dhûpa | | | |J., S., Mak., Bu., and D. _dupa_; Bat. _daupa_; | | | |Tag. _dupa-an_, censer. |Incense (made of eight ingredients) | |istanggi | | |ash[t.]aka (a collection of eight things) | | | |S. _istanggi_; Mak. _satanggi_. |Censer (a bamboo split at one end, and opened out so as to form |a receptacle) | |sangka | | |ça[.n]kha (conchshell used for libations) |Trumpet | |sangkakala | | |ça[.n]kha (conchshell used for blowing as a horn), kala (time) |Protection, blessing, or invocation to secure protection | |sempana | | |sampanna |_Sati_, self-sacrifice on the tomb of a lord or husband | |bela | | |velâ (sudden death?) | | | |J. and Bat. _bela_. |Recluse, devotee | |biku | | |bhikshu (a religious mendicant) | | | |Kw. _wiku_; Siam. _phiku_, a devotee, beggar. |Mystic words prefixed to prayers and invocations | |Om, hong[39] | | |om (a mystic word prefacing all prayers); hum (a mystic | | |syllable used in incantations) | | | |J. _hong_. |Sacrifice, burnt-offering | |hûmum | | |homa (sacrifice) DEITIES, &c. |A god | |batâra | | |avatâra (descent) | | | |J., S., Bat., and Mak. _batara_; Bis. _batala_, idol. |Minor deity | |dêwa, dêwâta | | |deva, devatâ | | | |J. and S. _dewa_, _dewata_; Mak. _dewa_, _rewata_; | | | |D. _dewa_; Bis. _dia_, idol; Bat. _debata_; Bu. _dewata_. |Do. (female) | |dêwî | | |devî | | | |J., S., and Mak. _dewi_. |Names supposed by Malays to belong to powerful spirits or demons | |Brahma | | |Brahma (one of the three principal Hindu deities) | |Bisnû | | |Vishnu (one of the three principal Hindu deities) | |Srî Râma | | |Râma (the hero of the Râmâyana) | |Ranjûna | | |Arjuna (the third son of Pandu) | |Barûna | | |Varu[n.]a (the deity of the waters) | | | |S. _Baruna_. | |Mahêswâra | | |Maheçvara | |Handûman | | |Hanumant (the monkey chief in the Râmâyana) | |Mahareshî | | |Maharshi (a sage of a pre-eminent class) |Supernatural beings | |Indrâ | | |Indra (king of heaven) | | | |Kw. _Endra_; S. _Indra_. | |Chandrâ | | |Chandra (the moon) | | | |J. and S. _Chandra_. |Nymph, goddess | |Bidyâdârî | | |Vidyâdharî (a female demi-god) | | | |J. _Widadari_; Mak. _Bidadari_. DEMONS, &c. |Demon | |jana, janu | | |jana (creature, demon) |Malignant spirit | |bôta | | |bhûta | | | |J. and S. _buta_; Mak. _bota_. |Name of a particular demon | |pancha-maha-bôta | | |panchan (five); bhûta (element); the five elements according | | |to the Hindus are earth, fire, water, air, and æther |A kind of demon | |bôga | | |bhoga (a snake) |Name of a particular demon | |bûjangga | | |bhuja[m.]ga (a snake) | | | |J. _bujongga_; S. _bujangga_. |An evil spirit | |rakshâsa | | |râkshasa | | | |J. and S. _raksasa_. |Ghost, goblin | |hantû | | |hantu (death) | | | |J. _antu_; Bat. and S. _hantu_; D. _hantu_, corpse. |Spectre (which haunts the scene of a murder or sudden death) | |bâdei | | |vadha (killing, murder) |A female who chants incantations | |bîdû, bidûan | | |vidhavâ (a widow) | | | |Bat. _biduwan_. |Spell to cause death | |permâya | | |pramaya (death) | | | |Bat. _parangmayo_. |A demon | |danâwa | | |dânava | | | |J. _danawa_. |A daitya or demon | |ditya | | |daitya | | | |Kw. _ditya_. |A supernatural monster | |gargâsi | | |karkaça (cruel), or perhaps, from _ugra_, very strong, | | |terrible, cruel | | | | J. _gargasi_, a large bird |Magic | |sastarâ | | |çâstra (science, learning) |Magician, sorcerer | |sastarâwan | | |çâstravant (skilled in the holy writings) [Footnote 38: "_Agama_ in Sanskrit is 'authority for religious doctrine:' in Malay and Javanese it is religion itself, and is at present applied both to the Mohammedan and the Christian religions." --_Crawfurd_, _Malay Grammar_, _Dissertation_ cxcviii.] [Footnote 39: I have found both these words used separately and distinctly by Pawangs in the state of Perak. Raffles and Logan confused them. Journ. Ind. Arch., i. 309; History of Java, ii. 369. De Backer mentions _ong_ only. L'Archipel. Indien, p. 287] A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay language has been enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in their national or racial name. The origin of the word _Malayu_ (the native word from which we obtain our "Malay") has been made the subject of some discussion by several authors. Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word _malaya_, while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word. These views are summarised in the following extract from the introduction to the Malay Grammar of the Abbé Favre:-- "Some authors, and particularly Dr. Leyden, whose authority in this matter is of great weight, derive the word _malayu_ from the Tamil _malé_, which means 'mountain,' whence _malaya_, 'chain of mountains,' a word applied in Sanskrit to the Western Ghauts. "Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a mere resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word _malaya_ and the name of the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify this derivation.[40] "Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to command belief, and has been regarded as not altogether unfounded by M. Louis de Backer, who has recently published a work on the Indian Archipelago.[41] "Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,[42] is so far simple and rational that it seeks the etymology of this word in the traditions of the Malays and in books written by themselves. Thus, in a work which has the greatest authority among them, and which is entitled _Sul[-a]lates-sal[-a]tin_, or _Sej[-a]rat mal[-a]yu_, the following passage occurs:-- [Transcriber's Note: In the following paragraph, transliterations from Arabic are shown between #marks#. The words "jehudi" and "yehudi" were transliterated in the original text, so the Arabic has not been repeated.] "'There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom called Palembang, opposite to the island of Banka; a river flows there which is still called Tatang, into the upper portion of which another river falls, after having watered the spurs of the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay princes claim as the cradle of their origin); the tributary is called _Melayu_, or _Malayu_.' The meaning of this word is 'to flow quickly' or 'rapidly,' from _layu_, which in Javanese as well as in the dialect of Palembang signifies 'swift, rapid;' it has become _laju_, _melaju_, in Malay by the conversion of #y# into #j#, a change which is by no means rare in Malay, as it may be seen in #jut# and #judi#,[43] from the Sanskrit _ayuta_ and _yodi_, and in _jehudi_, from the Arabic _yehudi_, &c. "Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the habit of settling along the banks of rivers and streams, whence it comes that a great number of their towns have taken the names of the rivers on or near which they are situated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way 'the country situated near the river of which the current is rapid,' _Sungei Malayu_, would take the name of _Tanah Malayu_, and the inhabitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief named Demang Lebar Daun) that of _Orang Malayu_, just as the inhabitants of Johor and Pahang are called _Orang Johor_, _Orang Pahang_; and their language is called _Bahasa Orang Malayu_ or _Bahasa Malayu_. "The name of _Malayu_ thus applied to the people and to the language spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, whose son-in-law, Sang Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire in the interior of Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang Nila Utama, married the daughter of the queen of Bentan, and immediately founded the kingdom of Singapore, a place previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant of his, Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which extended over a great part of the peninsula; and, after the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese, became the empire of Johor. It is thus that a portion of the Indian Archipelago has taken the name of _Tanah Malayu_, 'Malay country.' "One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was married to the Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which extended over the island of Java and beyond it; and another was married to the Emperor of China, a circumstance which contributed not a little to render the name of _Malayu_ or Malay known in distant parts."[44] [Footnote 40: Malay Grammar, Introduction.] [Footnote 41: L'Archipel Indien, p. 53.] [Footnote 42: Maleische Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. xix.] [Footnote 43: The derivation of _judi_, gaming, from _dyuta_ (game at dice), seems to be preferable to that adopted by M. Favre (following Van der Tuuk), who refers it to _yodi_, a warrior.] [Footnote 44: Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction, viii.] This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of wide application, which is known wherever Malays have established themselves, is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form found only in Javanese and the dialect of Palembang. If the arguments adduced in support of it are to apply, we must first of all admit the very doubtful historical accuracy of the _Sejarah Malayu_, from which they are drawn. There is a Malay word, _layu_, which means "faded," "withered," and it is only the exigency of finding a word applicable to a river that makes it necessary to look for a derivation in _laju_, swift. In this or some kindred sense the word _laju_ is found in Javanese, Sundanese, and Dayak; but why it should give its name, in the form of _layu_, to a river in Sumatra, and thence to the whole Malay race, is not very obvious. A river named in consequence of its swift current would be called by Malays _Sungei Laju_, not _Sungei Malaju_. Even if the derivation of Malayu from _melaju_ had the support of the Malays themselves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not much, for instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful derivation of Sumatra from _semut raya_, "large ant," which is given by the author of the _Sâjarah Malayu_.[45] [Footnote 45: Leyden's Malay Annals, 65.] It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first Malay raja, as historical. The name, "Maha-Meru," sufficiently shows that we are upon mythological ground. The story is as follows:-- Three young men descend from the heavens of Indra (_ka indra-an_) upon the mountain Maha-Meru, on the slopes of which they meet two women who support themselves by planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark the advent of the strangers. The very corn in the ground puts forth ears of gold, while its leaves become silver and its stalks copper. One of the new-comers rides on a white bull, and carries a sword called _Chora_ (Sansk. _kshura_, a razor) _samandang-kini_. They are received by the natives of the district (Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the bull becomes king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor kingdoms. It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the god Çiva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas, Muhammadan Malays, the recipients of the old traditions, have clothed their first raja. Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the gods, is placed by Hindu geographers in the centre of the earth. _Malaya_ is mentioned in the _Puranas_ as a mountain in which the Godavari and other rivers take their rise. The white bull of Sang Sapurba is evidently the _vahan_ of Çiva, and the name of the sword bears a close resemblance to _manda-kini_, the name given in heaven to the sacred Ganges, which springs from the head of Çiva. Most of the incidents in the story, therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this gives great probability to the conjecture which assigns a Sanskrit source to the word _Malayu_. The Straits of Malacca abound with places with Sanskrit names. Not to speak of Singha-pura, there are the islands of Langka-wi and Lingga and the towns of Indragiri and Indrapura, &c. Sumeru (in Java), Madura, Ayuthia (in Siam), and many other names, show how great Indian influences have been in past times in the far East. May it not be, therefore, that _Malaya_ or _Malayu_[46] was the name by which the earliest Sanskrit-speaking adventurers from India denominated the rude tribes of Sumatra and the peninsula with whom they came in contact, just as _Jawi_ is the name given to Malays by the Arabs, the term in either case being adopted by the people from those to whom they looked up with reverence as their conquerors or teachers? According to this view, the introduction of a river, _Malayu_, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an _ex post facto_ way of explaining the name, inserted with this object by the native author of the _Sâjarah Malayu_. [Footnote 46: Besides signifying a range of mountains, _Malaya_ has the secondary meaning of "a garden." If the term was applied originally in reference to the agricultural pursuits of the primitive tribes, it receives additional illustration from the name given to one of the women whom Sang Sapurba meets on Mount Maha-Meru, "_Malini_," a gardener's wife (Sansk.).] If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mythological, it becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show that the name of _Malayu_ received additional celebrity from the marriages of granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with the Batara of Majapahit and the Emperor of China! The contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and other barbarian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China once took a Malay princess as his wife.[47] [Footnote 47: See Groeneveldt's Notes on the Malay Archipelago, compiled from Chinese sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, xxxix.] From this subject it is natural to proceed to another disputed etymology, namely, the origin of the word _Jawi_, which is often used by the Malays for the word _Malayu_ in speaking of their language and written character, _bahasa jawi_ meaning Malay language, and _surat jawi_ a document written in Malay. It is not necessary to go into all the various conjectures on the subject, which will be found in the works of Marsden, Crawfurd, Favre, and others. _Jawi_ is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance with the rules of Arabic grammar from the noun _Jawa_, Java. Just as from _Makah_, Meccah, is derived the word _Makk-i_, of or belonging to Meccah, so from _Jawa_, Java, we get _Jawi_, of or belonging to Java. When this name was first applied to Malays, the Arabs had not an accurate knowledge of the ethnography of the Eastern Archipelago. Without very strict regard to ethnical divergencies, they described all the brown races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and convenient term _Jawi_, and the Malays, who alone among those races adopted the Arabic alphabet, adopted also the term in speaking of their language and writing.[48] [Footnote 48: "_Sawa_, _Jawa_, _Saba_, _Jaba_, _Zaba_, &c., has evidently in all times been the capital local name in Indonesia. The whole Archipelago was compressed into an island of that name by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time of Marco Polo we have only a _Java Major_ and a _Java Minor_. The Bugis apply the name of Jawa, _Jawaka_ (comp. the Polynesian _Sawaiki_, Ceramese _Sawai_) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of Battaland in Sumatra is called _Tanah Jawa_. Ptolemy has both Jaba and Saba." --_Logan_, _Journ. Ind. Arch._, iv. 338.] As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of number, gender, or person, the connection of _Jawi_ with _Jawa_ is quite unknown to the Malays, just as the second part of the word _senamaki_ (_sena-maki_, senna of Meccah[49]) is not suspected by them to have any reference to the sacred city. There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in Meccah,[50] where all are known to the Meccans indiscriminately as _Jawi_. [Footnote 49: _Senna_ (_Cassia senna_), as a medicine, enjoys a high reputation in India and all over the East. In Favre's Malay-French Dictionary _daun sena-maki_ is translated _feuilles de séné_, no notice being taken of the last word; but Shakespear's Hindustani Dictionary has _sena makk-i_, "senna of Mecca."] [Footnote 50: Burton's Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175.] Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his Malay Grammar to a discussion as to the origin and use of the expression _orang di-bawah angin_, people below the wind, applied by Malays to themselves, in contradistinction to _orang di-atas angin_, people above the wind, or foreigners from the West. He quotes from De Barros and Valentyn, and from several native documents, instances of the use of these expressions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin. Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be "native," and remarks that they are used by the Malays alone of all the tribes in the Archipelago. A much more recent writer characterises these terms as "_Noms dont on ignore encore la vraie signification_."[51] [Footnote 51: De Backer, L'Archipel Indien, li. (Paris, 1874).] The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation into that language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use occur in the "MOHIT" (the ocean), a Turkish work on navigation in the Indian seas, written by Sidi al Chelebi, captain of the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator, in the Red Sea. The original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of Gujarat, in the last days of Muharram, A.H. 962 (A.D. 1554). It enumerates, among others, "the monsoons below the wind, that is, of the parts of India situated below the wind," among which are "Malacca, Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and Faiku (Pegu)."[52] [Footnote 52: Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545.] TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN CHARACTER. Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed from a foreign literature in comparatively modern times, and which but imperfectly suits its sounds. With the introduction of the Muhammadan religion, the Malays adopted the Arabic alphabet, modified to suit the peculiarities of their language. In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in the manner of spelling many words. The accentuation of the spoken dialect differs so much from Arabic, that it is difficult, even for native writers, to decide when to write the long vowels and when to leave them out. This is the point in which diversity is most common. Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman character has to decide on what system he intends to render the native language by means of our alphabet. The Malay alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is obvious that ours will not accurately correspond with it. It is open to him, if he wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those letters for which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss the native alphabet from his mind altogether, and determine to write the language phonetically. In a language, however, which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he should, of course, avoid the adoption of any system of spelling which would disguise the true origin of words of foreign derivation. Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own method of writing among the Malays. They wrote Malay in their own character (to the gradual supersession of any native alphabet that may have previously existed), and this became the alphabet of the Malays. It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it sufficient to do this in our own way, as those did who introduced the Perso-Arabic alphabet, or must we also have regard to the mode of spelling adopted by the latter? In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to be necessary to burden the student with a system of transliteration. The native character is not employed in this manual, and there is, therefore, all the less occasion for using special means for denoting peculiar native letters. It will be found that the mode of spelling Malay words adopted by Marsden has been followed in the main.[53] In this Introduction the long vowels (that is, the vowels which are written in full in the native character) are marked with a circumflex accent, but it has not been thought necessary to adopt this system in the body of the work. [Footnote 53: In certain foreign words the hard _k_ will be found to be denoted by a dot under the letter, thus, [k.]; and the peculiar vowel sound represented in Arabic by the letter _ain_ is denoted by the Greek rough breathing `.] Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short sign, [)]. This is only for the purpose of assisting the student in pronunciation, and does not represent any peculiarity in the native character. The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages of the Continent of Europe. Final _k_ is mute. The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by Malays of education, and the European student should get the right sounds of the vowel _ain_ and of the more peculiar Arabic consonants explained to him. MALAY MANUAL. _PART I._ The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed also that some of the hints and suggestions which it contains will be of use to those who already have a colloquial knowledge of Malay, especially if this has been acquired from Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of Malacca, not from Malays themselves. The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge of the native character can hardly be dispensed with by those who aim at a thorough acquaintance with the language. As it abounds in idiomatic expressions, the study of native compositions is most important, and these are generally to be found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is made at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and reliance is placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. The student should divest himself of the expectation that sentences may be formed in Malay on principles of construction which govern composition in European languages. An elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, of course, is to reproduce the phrases of his own language with words of the new one. He may thus succeed in making himself intelligible, but it need hardly be said that he does not speak the language of the natives. Correctness of expression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In this manual cautions and hints will be given, and, where possible, absolute rules will be laid down, but these must not be regarded as complete. Instruction derived from books must be supplemented by constant practice in speaking _with Malays_--not with Malay-speaking Asiatics of other nationalities--before idioms can be mastered. Until some facility in framing sentences according to native idioms has been attained, and it has been perceived how shades of meaning may be conveyed by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay, even with a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal. A Dutch author justly remarks:-- "Malay is called a poor language, and so it is, but not so much so as is often imagined, certainly not as far as its vocabulary is concerned. That it is often unable to furnish us with words for abstract ideas is a deficiency which it has in common with all languages of the Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have not yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development. Its richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the existing dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts which are known to us. When Malays are seated together talking about various topics of everyday life, they are not in want of words, and such conversations would, if noted down, provide our present dictionaries with a good many supplements, additions, corrections, and appendices."[1] [Footnote 1: Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische Spreekwoorden en spreekwijzen.] I. THE ARTICLE. There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which corresponds exactly with our definite article _the_, or indefinite article _a_, _an_. _Kuda_, horse, and _orang_, man, signify equally "_the_ horse" and "_the_ man." When it is desired to specify particular objects, the pronouns _ini_, this, _itu_, that, and _yang_, this which, or that which, are used. _Si_ sometimes supplies the place of the definite article when a person is spoken of; as _si-laki-laki_, the man; _si-perampuan_, the woman; _si-mati_, the deceased; _si-bongkok_, the cripple. The numeral _satu_, one, is often used as the indefinite article; as _ada sa' orang di negri Kedah_, there was a man in the state of Kedah; _ini satu kuda chantek_, this is a beautiful horse. II. SUBSTANTIVES. A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words into various parts of speech, according to the system applied to European languages, consists in the number of words which, while yet unmodified by particles, are either verb or substantive, substantive or adjective, adjective or adverb, according to the context. _Baniak_, as an adverb, means much, as an adjective, many; _jalan_ is either a road or to walk; _panjang_ either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing occurs in English in a minor degree; but with us the difference between _cold_ and _a cold_, or between _to brush_ and _a brush_, is rendered distinct by the use of the article _a_ and the particle _to_. Many Malay words must thus be treated as now substantive, now adjective, now verb, according to the position they occupy in the sentence. The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, or case. NUMBER. The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, is often indicated by the use of such words as _baniak_, many, _sumua_, _sa-kali-an_, and _sagala_, all. It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun; as _raja_, a king, _raja-raja_, kings; _tuan_, master, _tuan-tuan_, masters. _All_ nouns are not capable of this duplication. As a general rule, it may be said to be mainly confined to nouns expressing persons or animate objects. When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural is meant, the number remains indefinite, but may generally be assumed to be plural. In such phrases as _menembak burong_, to shoot birds, _memb[)e]li hayam_, to buy fowls, the substantives are clearly plural, though nothing marks them as such. To restrict the number, and show that _one bird_ or _one fowl_ is meant, it would be necessary to use the word _satu_, one, with the idiomatic term _ekor_ (lit. _tail_), which is always used in enumerating the lower animals; as _menembak sa'ekor burong_, to shoot a bird; _memb[)e]li sa'ekor hayam_, to buy a fowl. GENDER. Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in the grammar of the language. Most nouns which signify animate things are of both genders, and the sexes are distinguished by the addition, in the case of persons, of the words _laki-laki_, male, and _perampuan_, female, and in other cases of the words _jantan_, male, and _betina_, female. _Jantan_ and _betina_ are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an apparent exception is found in such words as _putra_, a prince, and _putri_, a princess, derivation from a foreign language may be suspected. The inflexion in the word just cited is due to the rules of Sanskrit grammar. DECLENSION. There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds with the _cases_ of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are formed by changes of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, which are formed by postpositions. In Malay the cases are expressed, as in English, by prepositions:-- To, _ka_, _kepada_, _sama_. For, _akan_. With, _dengan_, _sama_. From, _deri_, _deri-pada_. By, _uleh_. The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the use of the word _punya_ after the noun, or by placing the noun which signifies the possessor immediately after the thing possessed; as _sahaya_, I; _sahaya punya_, of me, mine; _rumah_, house; _rumah punya_, of the house; _sahaya punya rumah_, or _rumah sahaya_, my house. The employment of the genitive with _punya_ is to be avoided. It is more idiomatic to say _rumah sahaya_ than _sahaya punya rumah_. Substantives are of five classes:-- 1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives; as _orang_, person; _rumah_, house; _kuda_, horse; _bapa_, father. 2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the inseparable particle _pe_; as _pe-lari_, a runaway; _peng-asuh_, a nurse; _pem-buru_, a hunter; _pen-churi_, a thief; _penyapu_, a broom. 3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination _-an_ to verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives; as _makan-an_, food; _manis-an_, sweetness; _hampir-an_, proximity; _trus-an_, a channel; _buah-an_, fruit in general; _laut-an_, the ocean. 4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _pe_ and adding the termination _-an_; as _pe-layar-an_, a voyage; _peng-ajar-an_, instruction; _pem-bunoh-an_, slaying, execution; _pen-dapat-an_, acquisition; _pel-ajar-an_, lesson; _per-uleh-an_, possession; _per-main-an_, amusement. 5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle _ka-_ and adding the termination _-an_; as _ka-jadi-an_, creation, origin; _ka-baniak-an_, generality; _ka-puji-an_, praise; _ka-salah-an_, guilt, offence; _ka-korang-an_, want, deficiency. III. ADJECTIVES. Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always placed _after_ their substantives; as _kuda baik_, a good horse; _orang jahat_, a bad man; not _baik kuda_, _jahat orang_. IV. PRONOUNS. The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are used for them presents some difficulty. The following words may be used to express the first person singular, _I_:-- 1. _Aku_, I. 2. _Sahaya_ (lit. companion, slave; Sansk. _sahâya_). 3. _Hamba_ (lit. slave), or _hamba tuan_ (lit. master's slave). 4. _Perhamba_ (lit. lowest slave). 5. _Beta_ (lit. slave). 6. _Patek_ (lit. slave). 7. _T[)e]man_ (lit. companion). The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative positions of the persons between whom communication takes place. _Aku_ is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use implies familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans addressing natives, or by natives addressing Europeans. _Sahaya_ is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in conversation with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper class in addressing Europeans. _Ha ba_, _ha ba tuan_, and _perhamba_ are used by persons of inferior rank when addressing superiors. _Hamba_, if used by a chief or native of high rank, implies a certain affectation of modesty. The use of _beta_ is confined to literary composition, and it is incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by Europeans and natives. _Patek_ is used only by natives, and by them only when addressing a person of royal blood. _T[)e]man_ is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper class and of approximately equal rank. The first person plural is _kita_ or _kami_, we. _Kita_ is used when the person addressed is intended to be included. _Kami_, on the contrary, like the royal "we" in English, excludes the person addressed. Sometimes the word _orang_ is added without changing the signification; as _kita orang_, we. Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms confined to particular states or districts. _Sahaya apa_, _kita apa_, and _hamba tuan apa_ are used in Kedah, and _sahaya-ma_ in Perak, for _kita orang_. Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid repetition. This is done especially in narration or description; as, for example, in the following sentence: _Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah p[)e]tang langsong pulang ka-rumah maka nasi_-- Afterwards (I started) again (and) walked to the _kampong_, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it was evening, (I) went straight home (and) had my dinner. Here the personal pronoun _I_ is understood throughout. The second person singular is _angkau_, you. Each syllable of this word may be used separately for the whole. _Ang_ or _hang_ is much employed in Kedah and Perak, and _kau_ in other parts of the peninsula and in Borneo. In Perak _mika_, in Malacca _awah_, in Borneo _kita_, and in Batavia _kweh_, are also used. The preceding words are used by a superior addressing an inferior, or by the common people in ordinary (not in polite) conversation. In polite conversation the use of _angkau_, or of most of the words given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by Malays to be vulgar or harsh. In addressing servants or followers, the name of the individual addressed is often inserted in the sentence instead of the pronoun _you_; as, in addressing Ismail: When you were at the bazaar just now who was with you?-- _Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama?_ In the same way _tuan_, sir, master, is employed in addressing a haji or sayyid; _tuan-ku_ or _tunku_, my lord, in addressing a raja; _datoh_, grandfather, in addressing a chief or _penghulu_. Other words similarly employed are-- _Abang_ (elder brother) or _wah_ (uncle), to a man older than the speaker. _Kakak_ (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker. _Adek_ (younger brother). _Inche_ (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex. EXAMPLES. When did you arrive? (to a haji)-- _Bila-mana tuan sudah tiba?_ I must ask one thing of you (to a raja)-- _Sahaya handak minta satu kapada tunku._ If you give the order (to a chief)-- _Jikalau datoh suroh._ Do not be angry (to an elderly man)-- _Jangan abang marah._ Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks)-- _Datoh-datoh, tuan-tuan, inche-inche sakalian, sila berayer._ The use of the word _lu_, a form of the second person singular, derived from the Chinese, and generally used by Europeans, is offensive to Malays of all classes, and is altogether to be avoided. In the plural _kamu_, ye, corresponds to _angkau_, you, in the singular; that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing inferiors. It is found in its contracted form _mu_ in literary composition, but seldom colloquially; as _ka-tahu-i uleh-mu_, be it known unto ye. _Kamu_ is sometimes used in the singular also. THIRD PERSON SINGULAR. _Dia_ or _iya_, he, she, it. _Dia_ and _iya_ are used indifferently, but perhaps _dia_ is more common in conversation and _iya_ in literature. The plural is _dia orang_ (and sometimes, though less commonly, _iya orang_), they. Another form of the third person plural is _marika-itu_, they, these, or those persons; but it is found in literary compositions only, and is not used in conversation. A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other words is _-nia_, a contraction of _inia_, he, she, it. The indefinite form "one" (the French "on" and German "man") is expressed in Malay by _orang_; as _orang tiada b[)e]rani pergi sana_, one dare not go there; _kalau orang handak kawin_, if one is about to marry. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. The possessive pronouns, _my_, _thy_, _his_, _our_, _your_, _their_, are usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the word expressing the object possessed; as _rumah sahaya_, my house; _pada pikir-an hamba_, in my opinion; _apa pen-chari-an angkau?_ what is your occupation? _apa nama dia?_ what is his name? Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word _punya_ or _ampunya_ (lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; as _aku punya_, my or mine; _tuan punya suka_, as you please (your pleasure); _yang ampunya tanah_, (he) whose land it is. _Singular._ | _Plural._ My, mine, _sahaya punya_. | Ours, _kita punya_. Thy, thine, _angkau punya_. | Yours, _kamu punya_. His, hers, its, _dia punya_. | Theirs, _dia-orang punya_. Frequently where the word "your" would be used in English Malays leave out the pronoun altogether. "Bring your gun with you," would be correctly rendered in Malay, _bawa snapang sama_ (lit. bring gun together), not _bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau_. In literary composition _ku_ and _mu_ (abbreviated forms of _aku_ and _kamu_) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed; as _rumah-ku_, my house; _bapa-mu_, your father. The affix _-nia_ is used in the sense of _his_, _hers_, or _its_, as well as the other forms of the possessive pronoun; as _patah kaki-nia_, his leg was broken; _bauh-nia terlalu wangi_, its smell is very sweet. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. _Ini_, this, these. _Itu_, that, those. The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the word to which they belong; as _rumah ini_, this house; _hari ini_, this day, to-day; _aku ini_, I myself; _sakarang ini_, this moment; _orang itu_, that man or those men; _waktu itu_, that time; _iya itu_, that is to say. It is not unusual to hear _ini_ and _itu_ placed before the noun, but this is not idiomatic. The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are _Siapa_, who? _Apa_, what? _Mana_, who? what? EXAMPLES. _Apa mahu?_-- What do you want? _Rumah ini siapa?_-- Whose house is this? _Siapa panggil?_-- Who called? _Gajah mana ini?_-- What elephant is this? _Siapa akan tahu?_-- Who knows? The RELATIVE PRONOUN is _Yang_, who, which. EXAMPLES. _Burong yang liyar_, a bird that is wild. _Raja yang adil_, a king who is just. _Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda_, some are old and some are young (lit. there are who are old, &c.). The Menangkabau word is _nen_. This is often found in composition, but is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of Malacca. Example: _Patek nen fakir_-- I who am but a beggar. REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS. _Diri_, _sendiri_, or _kendiri_, self, are used with or without the personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, &c. EXAMPLES. _Bunoh diri_, to kill oneself. _Meng-ajar diri_, to take oneself to task. _Hamba sendiri handak pergi_, I shall go myself. _Baik tuan sendiri suroh_, you had better order it yourself. _Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri_, afterwards the king himself descended. _Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia_, she escaped to the jungle with her life (lit. taking herself with her). _Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia_, let me fight him myself alone. V. VERBS. Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which in their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the application of particles. Examples of primitive verbs are _pukul_, to strike; _makan_, to eat; _lari_, to run; of derivative verbs, _ber-kaki_, to have feet, from _kaki_, a foot; _panjang-kan_, to lengthen or make long, from _panjang_, long. The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either transitive, as _tangkap_, to seize, or intransitive, as _tidor_, to sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransitive verb by the addition of the particle _-kan_, as _lari_, _me-lari_, to run; _me-lari-kan_, to carry off. Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past participle (as _ambil_, taken, _buang_, thrown[2]), but this is rather fanciful than accurate. The fact is, that the meaning of the radical or primitive is indefinite, and depends for its precise signification on its position (with respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the particles which may be added before or after it. Thus _lari_ means simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run, I run, he runs, run thou, &c., according to its position in the sentence. [Footnote 2: Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.] Marsden distinguishes the following moods--the imperative, the indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or indefinite--"which admit, for the most part, of being expressed in the present, the past, and the future tenses or times." It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go deeply into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the Latin and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to uncultivated languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of the use of auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most common changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of the language.[3] [Footnote 3: "It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the forms in which we think are identical with the thought itself; and it is only linguistic science that enables us to see that many of the forms of grammar which we imagine necessary and universal are, after all, but accidental and restricted in use. The cases of Latin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages; the Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and the Esquimaux gets on well enough without 'the parts of speech' that figure so largely in our own grammars." --_Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language_, ii. 328.] USE OF PARTICLES. The inseparable affix _-kan_ always denotes a verb used in a _transitive_ sense; as _men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk. It is an abbreviation of the preposition _akan_. Thus _buat-kan_ (to do) means to do something _to_ (_akan_) something or somebody. The inseparable affix _-i_ also denotes the transitive sense; as _kras-i_, to oppress (from _kras_, hard); _halus-i_, to treat carefully (from _halus_, fine, close). The inseparable prefix _ber-_ (_bel-_, _be-_) is the mark of a verb which expresses a state or condition of being; as _ber-jalan_, to walk, or to be in the act of walking; _ber-wang_, to have money; _ber-misei_, to wear moustaches; _ber-pukul_, to strike, _i.e._, to be in the act or condition of striking (not to strike another, _transitive_, which would be expressed by _pukul-_ or _me-mukul-kan_). The inseparable prefix _me-_ (in all its various forms, _mem_, _meng_, _men_, and _meny_) is the mark of a verb which expresses an action; as _men-jalan-kan_, to cause to walk, _mem-buat_, to make; _menyakit-kan_, to afflict (from _sakit_); _meng-ambil_, to take. According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intransitive sense, the derivative verbs formed from it will take _ber-_ or _me-_ as the case may be. Thus from _adu_, to sleep, is formed _ber-adu_, not _meng-adu_; while from _adu_, to complain, is formed _meng-adu_, not _ber-adu_. Often both particles may be used, and both transitive and intransitive derivative verbs may be formed from the same primitive. Thus from _taroh_, to put, are formed _menaroh_, to put (the act of a person who puts), and _ber-taroh_, to bet (the condition of a person who stakes). From _tidor_, to sleep, are formed _menidor-kan_, to put to sleep, and _ber-tidor_, to be sleeping or lying down; and from _ajar_, instruct, _meng-ajar_, to teach (impart instruction), and _bel-ajar_, to learn (get instruction). _Mem-bawa_, to bring, _mem-bunoh_, to kill, and _me-makan_, to eat, are formed from _bawa_, _bunoh_, and _makan_ respectively, which, as they express actions, not states, do not take the prefix _ber-_. _Ber-gantong_ is to hang (intransitive), that is, to be in a state or condition of hanging; _meng-gantong-kan_ is to hang (transitive), that is, to perform the action of hanging something. The particle _per-_ (Sansk. _pra_), a prefix used with transitive verbs, does not seem always to effect a change in the sense. It is used more generally in literature than in the colloquial dialects, and seems to be introduced frequently for the sake of euphony only. The difference, for instance, between _meng-himpun-kan_, to assemble, to collect persons together, and _mem-per-himpun-kan_, to cause persons to collect together, is not very marked. No general rule applicable to all transitive verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with _mem-per-_; practice and experience must form the only guide. AUXILIARIES. The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are-- _Ada_, is, was, are, were. _Sudah_, was, did, has been. _T[)e]lah_, was, did, has been. _Mahu_, will, shall, would, must. _Handak_, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to. _Jadi_, is, was, become, became. PARADIGMS. _Tidor_, sleep. _Sahaya tidor_, I sleep, or I was sleeping. _Tidor-lah dia_, he was sleeping or slept. _Ber-tidor_, asleep, sleeping. _Sahaya sudah tidor_, I have slept. _Dia telah tidor_, he had slept. _Sahaya maku tidor_, I will sleep, or I want to sleep. _Sahaya handak tidor_, I shall sleep, or I am about to sleep. _Dia akan tidor_, he will sleep or is going to sleep. _Tidor-lah_, sleep thou. _Mahu-lak angkau tidor_, you must sleep. _Biar iya tidor_, let him sleep. _Handak-lah di-tidor-nia_, it must be slept by him, _i.e._, he intends to sleep. _Menidor-kan_ or _menidor-i_, to lay down (transitive). _Mem-per-tidor-kan_ or _mem-per-tidor-i_, to cause to sleep. _Penidor_, a soporific; that which causes to sleep. _Penidor-an_, act of causing to sleep. _Per-tidor-an_, that which belongs to sleep; a bed. _Ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping; there was sleeping on the part of ----. _Sa-ka-tidor-an_, the act of sleeping with another; there was sleeping with ----. _Si-tidor_, the sleeper. _Ter-tidor_, gone to sleep. _Lari_, run. _Sahaya lari_, I run, or I was running. _Lari-lah dia_, he ran, or was running. _Ber-lari_, run, running. _Ber-lari-lari_, running about incessantly. _Sahaya sudah lari_, I have or had run. _Dia telah lari_, he had run. _Sahaya mahu lari_, I will run, or I want to run. _Sahaya handak lari_, I will run, or I am about to run. _Dia akan lari_, he will run. _Lari-lah_, run thou. _Mahu lah angkau lari_, you must run. _Biar iya lari_, let him run. _Handak-lah di lari-nia_, it must be run by him, _i.e._, he intends to run. _Me-lari-kan_, to carry off (transitive). _Lari-an_, a running, a course. _Ber-lari-an_, the act of running; there was running on the part of ----. _Ber-lari-lari-an_, incessant running; running to and fro; there was incessant running on the part of ----. _Ka-lari-an_, flight; act of running. _Pe-lari_, a runaway, a fugitive. _Pe-lari-an_, flight. _Di-lari-kan_ (passive), is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run away with. _Di-lari-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run away with by him, her, or them. _Ter-lari_, run, run away (past). _Bawa lari_, to carry off, run off with. (Here _lari_ is the past participle after _bawa_, to take, bring, and may be used with that verb in all its forms.) _Ada_, be. _Sahaya ada_, I am or was. _Ber-ada_, have (possess.), has or had. _Meng-ada_, to cause to be, to make, invent. _Sudah ada_, have got, have been. _Telah ada_, was, have been. _Mahu ada_, must be. _Meng-ada-ngada_, to make or invent repeatedly. _Meng-ada kan_, to create, to cause to exist. _Ber-ada-kan_, possess, own. _Mem-per-ada-kan_, to produce, to cause to exist. _Ter-ada-kan_, produced, created. _Ada-an_, being, existence. _Ka-ada-an_, state, existence. _Bawa_, bring. _Sahaya bawa_, I bring or was bringing. _Mem-bawa_, bring, to bring. _Sudah bawa_, has brought. _Telah bawa_, had brought. _Mahu bawa_, will or must bring. _Aku handak bawa_, I will bring, or am about to bring. _Bawa-lah_, bring thou. _Biar iya bawa_, let him bring. _Mem-bawa-kan_ or _mem-bawa-i_, to cause to be brought or taken. _Pem-bawa_, a bringer. _Bawa-an_, that which is brought; a burden. _Pem-bawa-an_, act of bringing, transport. _Di-bawa_ and _di-bawa-kan_, brought, passive. _Di-bawa-nia_ and _di-bawa-kan-nia_, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been brought by him, her, or them. _Ter-bawa_, brought. _Ambil_, take. _Sahaya ambil_, I take. _Meng ambil_, take, to take. _Sudah ambil_, has or had taken. _Telah ambil_, had taken. _Mahu ambil_, will or must take. _Handak ambil_, shall take or about to take. _Ambil-lah_, take thou. _Mahu-lah angkau ambil_, you must take. _Biar iya ambil_, let him take. _Handak-lah di ambil-nia_, he must take or intends to take. _Meng-ambil-kan_, to take or cause to take. _Ambil-an_, a thing taken. _Peng-ambil-an_, the act of taking. _Di-ambil_ or _di-ambil-kan_, is or was, &c., taken (passive). _Di-ambil-nia_ or _di-ambil-kan-nia_, is or was. &c., taken by him, her, or them. _Ter-ambil_, taken, having been taken. _Suroh_, order. _Sehaya suroh_, I order. _Menyuroh_, order, to order. _Sudah suroh_, has ordered. _Telah suroh_, had ordered. _Mahu suroh_, will or must order. _Handak suroh_, shall order or about to order. _Suroh-lah_, order thou. _Mahu-lah angkau suroh_, you must order. _Biar iya suroh_, let him order. _Handak-lah di suroh-nia_, he must order or intends to order. _Menyuroh-kan_, to issue orders, to commission. _Pe-suroh_ and _penyuroh_, one who is commissioned; a messenger. _Penyuroh-an_, an order, command; the act of commanding. _Suroh-suroh-an_, people who are at the orders or command of another. _Suroh-menyuroh_, to issue orders incessantly. _Di-suroh_ or _di-suroh-kan_, is or was, &c., ordered. _Di-suroh-nia_ or _di-suroh-kan-nia_, is, or was, &c., ordered by him, her, or them. _Ter-suroh_, ordered, having been ordered. The facts to be derived from a careful study of the foregoing examples may be summarised as follows:-- 1st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It may be present, imperfect, present or past, &c., according to the context; as _dia ada_, he is; _tatkala sahaya ada di sana_, when I was there; _kalau sahaya ada d[)e]kat_, if I am, should be, were, or had been near. This applies equally to the forms created by prefixing _ber-_ and _me-_, _mem-_, _men-_, _meng-_, _meny-_ to the radical. Examples: _kita ber-jalan_, we _are_ or _were_ walking; _nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik_, wait till I _shall have_ returned; _mati-mati ber-minyak_, if you _should_ use oil; _raja meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu_, the raja _set_ out the day before yesterday. 2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making the verb, followed by the particle _-lah_, precede the pronoun; as _diam-lah dia orang_, they were silent; _maka pergi-lah raja kapada tuan putri_, and the king went to the princess. 3d. _Past._-- Though the past may be expressed by the primitive verb, as shown above, if the context shows that the act spoken of is past, it is, nevertheless, more emphatically marked by the use of the auxiliaries _sudah_ and _t[)e]lah_, has or had; as _dia sudah tidor_, he has gone to sleep; _telah lari-lah pe-rompah sumua_, the pirates have (or had) all run away. 4th. _Future._-- The verb standing alone may express the future when there is something in the sentence which indicates that a future tense is meant, such as the word "to-morrow" or "hereafter;" as _esok hari kita ber-p[)e]rang pula_, to-morrow we shall be fighting again. The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries _mahu_ and _handak_; as _dia mahu jual_, he will sell it; _tiada mahu dia datang_, he would not come; _kapal handak masok sungei_, a ship is about to enter the river; _di-panggil-nia orang-besar-besar mushawarat handak di-buat meligei_, he summoned the chiefs to consult about building a palace. Another mode of forming the future is by the word _nanti_ (lit. wait), placed, like the French verb _aller_, before the verb; as _sahaya nanti chahari_, _je vais chercher_, I am going to seek, or _j'irai chercher_, I shall go to seek. The preposition _akan_, in order to, in order that, is sometimes used to convey the sense of the future; as _penyakit itu tiada akan semboh_, that disease is not to be cured; _siapa akan tahu?_ who shall know? (= who can tell?); _jikalau raja yang anyaya naraka akan tampat-nia_, if a king is unjust hell will be his place hereafter. 5th. _Imperative._-- To convey an order or command the radical is used either by itself or with the affix _-lah_; _kamu_, thou, being either expressed or understood. The particle adds additional emphasis to the command. Examples: _pergi_, go; _pergi-lah_, be off, get away; _ka-luar_ or _ka-luar-lah_, go out; _ka-luar-kan-lah_, take (it) out, or turn (him) out. _Mahu_ and _handak_ with the affix _-lah_ signify must; as _mahu-lah kamu turut_, ye must obey; _handak-lah ayam yang puteh_, there must be a fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be a white one; _handak-lah segala pegawei raja itu duduk dengan adab dan diam_, the king's officers must sit with reverence and in silence. The third person of the imperative mood, which we express by "let him," may be rendered in Malay by the use of the word _biar_ or _biar-lah_, with the verb in the manner shown by the following examples:-- _Biar-lah dia masok_, let him come in; _biar-lah aku mati_, let me die. 6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefixing the particle _pe-_ (_peng_, _pem_, _pen_, _peny_) to the radical. This prefix operates like the syllable _-er_ in such words as robber, purchaser, teacher; as _churi_, to steal; _pen-churi_, a robber; _b[)e]li_, to buy; _pem-b[)e]li_, a purchaser; _ajar_, to teach; _peng-ajar_, a teacher. Substantives of this kind and others formed from the verb with the particles _ka-_ and _-an_ have already been noticed under the head of the Substantive. But the form arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb the particle _ka-_ and annexing the particle _-an_ is not merely a noun, but, as Marsden says, "a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in fact a verbal noun infinitively applied in construction;" as, _ka-dengar-an sampei Sayong_, it was to be heard as far as Sayong; _tiada ka-tahu-an_, not to be understood; _mata-hari tiada ka-lihat-an sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia_, the sun was not to be seen by reason of the shadowing of its wings. 7th. _Passive._-- In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the particle _di-_ prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns which express the agent and subject respectively will be understood from the following examples:-- _Hamba di-pukul orang_, I was beaten by men. _Orang di-pukul hamba_, the men were beaten by me. _Rumah di-makan api_, the house was consumed by fire. _Api di-padam-kan orang_, the fire was extinguished by men. Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb and the subject precedes it. Sometimes the preposition "by" finds an equivalent in Malay, the word _uleh_ being expressed instead of being understood (as in the preceding sentences). Examples:-- _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti `adat_, they were received by the king with the customary ceremony. _Di-titah-kan-lah uleh baginda_, it was commanded by the king. The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb the inseparable particle _ter-_; as _ter-pukul_, struck; _ter-tulis_, written. When _ter-_ precedes _per-_, one of the particles drops its final letter; as _te-per-sayang_, compassionated; _ter-pe-lanting_, sent flying. _Other forms of the Verb._-- In the preceding paradigms generally those changes have been inserted which result from the application of inseparable particles. But there are moods and tenses of the English verb which are translatable in Malay, though they are not included above because they involve the use of other words, which, though united to the verb in construction, do not form part of it. _Conditional or Potential._-- In expressing a conditional or potential sense the verb undergoes no change, though following such conjunctions as "if," "provided that," "in order that;" as _jika tuan datang_, if you come; _kalau raja me-larang_, if the king should forbid; _dapat kami ber-untong_, provided we are successful; _sapaya jangan hamba k[)e]na rugi_, in order that I may not incur a loss; _agar sapaya anak-nia menjadi `alim_, in order that his children may become learned. _Optative._-- An optative sense is generally indicated by such words as _apa-lah_, _apa-lah kira-nia_, prithee, expressions of entreaty, or _garangan_, forsooth, conveying the notion of a doubt or query; as _barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-nia_, may God in his goodness cause it to arrive. But sometimes these are understood; as _di-bri Allah kamarau sadikit_, may God grant a little fair weather. _Participle Present._-- Continuity or existing duration of action is often expressed by the use of such words as _lagi_, still more, _sambil_, _seraya_, and _serla_, whilst at the same time the verb remains unaltered in form; as _lagi datang_, coming; _lagi tidor_, sleeping or still asleep; _ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum_, walked on smiling; _meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia_, made obeisance, at the same time wiping away her tears. _Tengah_, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a similar way; as _dia tengah makan nasi_, he was in the act of eating his dinner. VI. ADVERBS. Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing termination corresponding to the English _-ly_ or the French _-ment_. Many adjectives and some prepositions are used adverbially. The following are some of the most useful adverbs:-- ADVERBS OF TIME. _sakarang_, now. _tadi_, just now. _dahulu_, before, formerly. _sa'buntar_, presently. _b[)e]lum_, not yet. _pagi-pagi_, early. _esok_, _besok_, to-morrow. _kalmarin_,[4] yesterday. _tatkala_, _sa-katika_, when (_relative_). _kemdian_, afterwards. _pernah_, ever. _ta'pernah_, never. _s[)e]dang_, while. _kadang_, sometimes. _apa-bila_, _apa-kala_, _bila-mana_, _bila_, when? (_interrogative_). _kalmarin dahulu_, the day before yesterday. _lusa_, the day after to-morrow. _tulat_, the third day from this. [Footnote 4: In Perak _kalmarin_ means "formerly." _P[)e]tang_ is "yesterday."] ADVERBS OF PLACE. _sini_, _ka-mari_, here. _situ_, _sana_, _nun_, there. _mana_, where, wherever (_rel._). _di-mana_, where? (_inter._). _hampir_, near, nearly. _luar_, outside. _dalam_, inside. _sab[)e]rang_, across. _jauh_, far. _atas_, above. _bawah_, below. _sab[)e]lah_, beside. _balik_, behind. _d[)e]kat_, near. MISCELLANEOUS. _bagini_, like this. _bagitu_, like that. _bageimana_, how? _ya_, yes. _bukan_, no, not. _sahaja_, only. _makin_, so much the more. _naschaya_, certainly. _tidak_, no. _tentu_, certainly. Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson 4. Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and will be found under that heading. VII. PREPOSITIONS. The principal prepositions of place and motion are _di_, at, in, on; _ka_, to, towards; _deri_, from. A great many so-called prepositions are formed from these three compounded with certain other words, such as:-- _di-atas_, on the top of. _ka-atas_, to the top of. _deri-atas_, from the top of. _di-dalam_, in the interior of. _ka-dalam_, to the interior of. _deri-dalam_, from the interior of. _di-b[)e]lakang_, at the back of. _ka-b[)e]lakang_, to the back of. _deri-b[)e]lakang_, from the back of. _di-sab[)e]rang_, on the farther side of. _ka-sab[)e]rang_, to the farther side of. _deri-sab[)e]rang_, from the farther side of. _di-bawah_, at the bottom of. _ka-bawah_, to the bottom of. _deri-bawah_, from the bottom of. _di-hadap-an_, in front of. _ka-hadap-an_, to the front of. _deri-hadap-an_, from the front of. _di-luar_, at the outside of. _ka-luar_, to the outside of. _deri-luar_, from the outside of. These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial words. _Atas_, _bawah_, _dalam_, _hadap-an_, _b[)e]lakang_, _luar_, and _sab[)e]rang_ here are really substantives governed by the prepositions _di_, _ka_, and _deri_. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech usually recognised by grammarians. _Dalam_, for instance, has already been classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also substantive, adjective, and preposition. _Dalam_ (subs.), interior, depth; as _penghulu dalam_, the guardian of the interior (inner apartments); _dalam-nia tiga depa_, its depth is three fathoms. _Dalam_ (adj.), deep; as _ter-lalu dalam sungei ini_, this river is very deep. _Dalam_ (adv.), inside; as _ada orang dalam_, there are people inside. _Dalam_ (prep.), in; as _kain yang dalam g[)e]dong itu_, cloth in that warehouse. In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the substantive denoting the possessor (_supra_, p. 47). In the sentences _b[)e]lakang gunong_, the back of the mountain; _hadap-an raja_, the presence of the king; _sab[)e]rang sungei_, the farther side of the river, all the words are substantives, _gunong_, _raja_, and _sungei_ being in the possessive case. Now let the prepositions _di_, _ka_, and _deri_ be added to these sentences. _Di-b[)e]lakang gunong_, at the back of the mountain, may be more shortly translated _behind_ the mountain; so _ka-hadap-an raja_ may be rendered _before_ the king, and _deri-sab[)e]rang sungei_ _from beyond_ the river. Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases _di-b[)e]lakang_, _ka-hadap-an_, and _deri-sab[)e]rang_ are correctly rendered by English prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay preposition. Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:-- _pada_, _kapada_, at, to, on, towards. _deri-pada_, from, than. _akan_, to, for, as to, as for. _uleh_, by. _atas_, on, upon. _datang_, } _sampei_, } until, as far as. _hingga_, } _antara_, between. _samantara_, until. _ganti_, instead of. _balik_, behind. _serta_, with. _sama_, with, to. _dengan_, with. _dalam_, in, into. _l[)e]pas_, after. _karana_, } _krana_, } on account of. _sebab_, } _sa-kadar_, according to. _demei_, by. _d[)e]kat_, near. _tentang_, concerning, opposite. _bagi_, to. _trus_, through. VIII. CONJUNCTIONS. The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in Malay:-- _dan_, and. _kalau_, } _jika_, } if. _jikalau_, } _antah_, } perhaps. _kunun_, } _sapaya_, in order that. _pula_, also, again. _sambil_, } whilst. _selang_, } _seraya_, at the same time. _tambah-an_, furthermore. _karana_, } because. _s[)e]bab_, } _serta_, and, also. _asal-kan_, provided that. _atau_, or. _t[)e]tapi_, but. _me-lain-kan_, except. _hania_, but, except. _yang_, that. _k[)e]lak_, forsooth. _juga_, _jua_, also. _sahaja_, only. _lagi_, again, even. _lagi pula_, again, too. _lagi pun_, besides, also. _saperti_, as, like. _laksana_, } like. _bagei_, } _iya-itu_, that is to say. _lamun-kan_, although. There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to use in conversation. Of such are:-- _maka_, _bahwa_, _[h.]ata_, _shahadan_, seldom necessary to the sense, and not always requiring translation. They answer in some degree to such words as "now," "next," "but," "then," "again," "so." _sa-ber-mula_, first, now. _sa-bagei-lagi_, further, again. _arkian_, now, then. _agar_, in order that. _y`ani_, that is to say. _wab`adahu_,[5] and then, afterwards. _walakin_ (Arab. _wa_, and _lakin_, but), but, though, nevertheless. [Footnote 5: Arabic _wa_, and, _b`adahu_, afterwards--often used by a pleonasm with _kemdian_, afterwards; _wab`adahu kemdian deri-pada itu_, and after that.] IX. INTERJECTIONS. The interjections in most common use are:-- _hei!_ O! _ya!_ O! (Arabic). _aho!_ O! (Sansk.). _aduh!_ _aduhi!_ oh! alas! (pain, lamentation). _niah!_ _niah-lah!_ be off! begone! _ai!_ _wah!_ oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction). _ayo!_ _ayohi!_ ah! (affection). _cheh!_ fie! _wayi!_ alas! _demei Allah!_ by God! _nah!_ there! take it! _jum!_[6] forwards! [Footnote 6: This is a Kedah word. _Mah!_ is used in the same sense in Perak.] Many other words are used like interjections; such as _kasi-han_ (lit. affection), what a pity! _sayang_ (lit. concern), 'tis pity! alas! _karam_ (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! _me-rachun_ (may I be poisoned), no! (emphatic denial), &c., &c. A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts of the world are used by Malays, such as _In sháa-lláh_, if it be the will of God; _Alláhu a`alam_, God is all-knowing; _Astaghfir alláh_, I beg forgiveness of God; _Wa-llahi_ and _Wa-llah_, by God! _Yá rabb_, O Lord! _Bi-smi-llah_, in the name of God! _El-[h.]amdu li-llah_, praise be to God! _Alláhu akbar_, God is most great. X. NUMERALS. The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first ten are:-- 1. _sa_, _satu_, _suatu_, one. 2. _dua_, two. 3. _tiga_, three. 4. _ampat_, four. 5. _lima_, five. 6. _anam_, six. 7. _tujoh_, seven. 8. _d[)e]lapan_, eight. 9. _sambilan_, nine. 10. _sapuloh_, ten. From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed from the digits with the termination _b[)e]las_:-- 11. _sa-b[)e]las_, eleven. 12. _dua-b[)e]las_, twelve. 13. _tiga-b[)e]las_, thirteen. 14. _ampat-b[)e]las_, fourteen. 15. _lima-b[)e]las_, fifteen. 16. _anam-b[)e]las_, sixteen. 17. _tujoh-b[)e]las_, seventeen. 18. _d[)e]lapan-b[)e]las_, eighteen. 19. _sambilan-b[)e]las_, nineteen. 20. _dua-puloh_, twenty. Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination _puloh_, ten:-- 20. _dua-puloh_, twenty. 30. _tiga-puloh_, thirty. 40. _ampat-puloh_, forty. 50. _lima-puloh_, fifty. 60. _anam-puloh_, sixty. 70. _tujoh-puloh_, seventy. 80. _d[)e]lapan-puloh_, eighty. 90. _sambilan-puloh_, ninety. The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding the units; as-- 21. _dua-puloh-satu_, twenty-one. 32. _tiga-puloh-dua_, thirty-two. 43. _ampat-puloh-tiga_, forty-three. 54. _lima-puloh-ampat_, fifty-four. 65. _anam-puloh-lima_, sixty-five. 76. _tujoh-puloh-anam_, seventy-six. 87. _d[)e]lapan-puloh-tujoh_, eighty-seven. 98. _sambilan-puloh-d[)e]lapan_, ninety-eight. Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regularity:-- 100. _sa-ratus_, one hundred. 200. _dua-ratus_, two hundred. 300. _tiga-ratus_, three hundred. 400. _ampat-ratus_, four hundred. 1000. _sa-ribu_, one thousand. 2000. _dua-ribu_, two thousand. 3000. _tiga-ribu_, three thousand. 4000. _ampat-ribu_, four thousand. Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals in juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction; as, _sa-ribu-d[)e]lapan-ratus-tujoh-puloh-sambilan_, one thousand eight hundred (and) seventy nine, 1879. Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from the Sanskrit language and misapplied in adoption, namely, _la[k.]sa_ (Sansk. _laksha_, 100,000), _keti_ (Sansk. _ko[t.]i_, 10,000,000), and _juta_ (Sansk. _ayuta_, 10,000). The numbers represented by these words in Malay are _sa-la[k.]sa_, ten thousand; _sa-keti_, one hundred thousand; _sa-juta_, one million. In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, _lekor_, a score, is sometimes used instead of _dua-puloh_ (especially in mentioning dates), but in that case the unit precedes instead of following the decimal; as _sa-lekor_, twenty-one; _dua-lekor_, twenty-two; _tiga-lekor_, twenty-three, &c. To express a quantity which approaches what we call a round number, it is sometimes convenient to state the latter qualified by the figure in which it is deficient, as is done in the old-fashioned phrase "forty stripes save one." Thus, instead of _sambilan-puloh-d[)e]lapan_, ninety-eight, the phrase _korang dua sa-ratus_, one hundred save two, may be used. The use of the word _tengah_, half, before a numeral serves in the same way to reduce it by half of one. Thus, _tengah dua_ signifies "one and a half," or "two, less half a one," as if the full phrase were _korang sa-tengah dua_; so _tengah tiga-puloh_, twenty-five (lit. "three tens save half"); _tengah lima ratus_, four hundred and fifty (lit. "five hundreds save half"). ORDINAL NUMBERS. _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_), first. _ka-dua_, second. _ka-tiga_, third. _ka-sa-b[)e]las_, eleventh. _ka-dua-puloh_, twentieth. _ka-sa-ratus_, hundredth. The word _yang_ placed before ordinals corresponds to the definite article in English; as _yang pertama_, the first; _yang ka-dua_, the second; _yang ka-sa-ribu_, the thousandth. FRACTIONAL NUMBERS. _Tengah_, _sa-tengah_, half; _suku_, _sa-suku_, quarter; _sa-per-dua_, one-half; _sa-per-tiga_, one-third; _dua-per-tiga_, two-thirds; _tiga-per-ampat_, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed with other numbers by placing the particle _per_ between the dividend and the divisor. COLLECTIVE NUMBERS. Phrases like "a score," "a dozen," "a couple," are formed in Malay by the use of the particle _ber_ with the numeral; as-- _ber-dua_, the two, or the pair. _ber-tiga_, the three. _ber-puloh-puloh_, by tens. _be-ratus-ratus_, by hundreds. _be-ribu-ribu_, by thousands. The word _ganda_, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral meaning "a four," is used in Malay in conjunction with numerals in a sense corresponding to the English word "times;" as _dua-ganda_, double, twice; _tiga-ganda_, triple, three times. NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS. In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, "there exists a set of specific and technical terms, called by the grammarians _numeral affixes_, some one or other of which is always used as a co-efficient to the numeral, the term being selected according to the class under which the object falls."[7] The use of these terms will be best understood by comparing it with the analogous use in English of such phrases as so many _head_ of cattle; so many _file_ of soldiers; so many _sail_ of ships; so many _stand_ of rifles. [Footnote 7: Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This peculiarity in the Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much attention among ethnologists. See Peschel, Races of Man, 117; Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; Bunsen's Universal History, i. 409.] 1. _Orang_ (person or persons) is introduced in the enumeration of mankind; as _China tiga orang, Malayu sa'orang_, three Chinese and a Malay; _budak dua orang_, two children. 2. _Ekor_ (tail) is employed in speaking of animals; as _sa-ekor kuching_, a cat; _kuda b[)e]lang dua ekor_, two piebald horses; _ikan kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor_, about five or six small fish. 3. _Buah_ (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c.; as _sa-buah rumah_, a house; _sa-buah n[)e]gri_, a town or kingdom; _lima buah kapal_, five ships. 4. _Biji_ (seed) is applied to small objects more or less round; as _buah manggis lima-puloh biji_, fifty mangostins; _ampat biji telor_, four eggs; _nior muda sa-biji_, one green cocoa-nut. 5. _Halei_ or _lei_, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers, leaves, wearing apparel, &c.; as _bulu sa-lei_, a feather; _kain Palembang sa-puloh halei_, ten Palembang sarongs. 6. _Batang_ (stem), to long objects; as _lembing dua batang_, two spears; _tiang ampat batang_, four posts. 7. _Puchuk_ (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon, elephants' tusks, &c.; as _tiga puchuk surat_, three letters; _sa-puchuk gading_, one tusk: _snapang lima puchuk_, five muskets. 8. _Keping_ (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c.; as _papan sa-keping_, a plank; _timah tiga-puloh keping_, thirty slabs of tin. 9. _Tangga_ (ladder) and _pintu_ (door), to houses; as _rumah dua tangga_, two houses; _rumah batu anam pintu_, six brick houses. 10. _Lapis_ (fold), to clothing; as _kapan sa-lapis_, a shroud. 11. _Rawan_, to nets and cordage; as _pukut sa-rawan_, a seine net; _jala dua rawan_, two casting nets. 12. _Bilah_, to cutting weapons; as _kris sa-bilah_, one kris; _p[)e]dang lima bilah_, five swords. 13. _Buntoh_, to rings, fish-hooks, &c.; as _kail sa-buntoh_, a fish-hook; _chinchin tiga buntoh_, three rings. 14. _Bidang_, to things spread out; as _destar sa-bidang_, one head-cloth. 15. _Butir_, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; as _nior sa-butir_, a cocoa-nut; _mutiara sa-butir_, a pearl. There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of which will be given in the more advanced lessons farther on. XI. PARTICLES. Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the verb, but there are three or four which require special mention. _Lah_ is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for the sake of euphony, but more frequently as a particle of intensity. In the sentence _ada-lah kapada suatu hari_, it happened on a certain day, _lah_ is simply expletive; but in the sentence _dia-lah yang buat_, it was _he_ who did it, the particle serves to emphasise the word _dia_. The latter use of the particle _lah_ is exemplified by its frequent employment to emphasise a command; as _mari-lah_, come; _pergi-lah_, go. _Kah_ is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words it is the sign of a question or a doubt; as _itu-kah atau lain-kah?_ is it that or another? _Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak_, it is doubtful whether it be true or not. _Tah_ is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use than _kah_. _Apa-tah?_ what else? is a common phrase indicating assent. _Pun_ is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to give roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of "too," or "also" (where the sentence is affirmative), or "nor," "neither" (where it is negative); as _maka iya-pun datang_, then he came; _aku pun mahu_, I too want it; _siyang pun tidak malam pun tidak_, it was neither day nor night. PART II. COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES. Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple sentences in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises which will be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus as a preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a later stage. LESSON I. SUBSTANTIVES. person (man, woman, or child), _orang_. man, _laki-laki_. woman, _per-ampu-an_. child, _anak_. house, _rumah_. water, _ayer_. fire, _api_. wind, _angin_. wood, _kayu_. carriage, _kreta_. horse, _kuda_. ship, _kapal_. steamer, _kapal-api_. boat, _sampan_. cow, ox, _lumbu_. dog, _anjing_. bird, _burong_. snake, _ular_. fish, _ikan_. sun, _mata-hari_. moon, _bulan_. star, _bintang_. sea, _laut_. river, _sungei_. cloth, _kain_. ADJECTIVES. good, _baik_. new, _b[)a]haru_. naughty, wicked, _jahat_. beautiful, _bagus_. pretty, _chantek_. wise, _pandei_. stupid, _bodoh_. large, _b[)e]sar_. small, _k[)e]chil_. deep, _dalam_. swift, _laju_. high, _tinggi_. round, _bulat_. old, _tuah_. young, _muda_. cold, _s[)e]juk_. hot, _panas_. far, _jauh_. near, _d[)e]kat_. coarse, _kasar_. fine, _halus_. ADVERBS. very, _baniak_. exceedingly, _sangat_. Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by means of the verb _ada_, and with the aid of the personal pronouns, two of the hints already given are here repeated:-- 1. Adjectives follow their substantives. 2. The verb _ada_ is frequently omitted and left to be understood. EXAMPLES. A bad man-- _Orang jahat._ A pretty woman-- _Perampuan chantek._ A high house-- _Rumah tinggi._ A high wind-- _Angin b[)e]sar._ Cold water-- _Ayer s[)e]juk._ This is my child-- _Ini anak sahaya_ (not, _Ini ada sahaya punya anak_). That bullock-cart is mine-- _Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya._ That pony-carriage is swift-- _Kreta kuda itu ada laju._ That person has a dog-- _Orang itu ada sa'ekor anjing._ That woman's cloth is very fine-- _Kain perampuan itu halus sangat._ This man has one son and two daughters-- _Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa'orang dan anak perampuan dua orang._ The steamer is near-- _Kapal-api ada d[)e]kat._ His child is very naughty-- _Anak dia baniak jahat._ They have a boat-- _Dia orang ada sa'buah sampan._ There are men and women-- _Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan._ The old man has a piece of coarse cloth-- _Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa'lei._ EXERCISE. I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man's daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old. That person's boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there are wise people. His ship is very far off. LESSON II. ON THE SECOND PERSON. The use of the word _angkau_ and similar pronouns is to be avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be understood but must be expressed, _angkau_, or the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate forms should be used. The word _lu_ should never be used to a Malay; it is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second person see _supra_, p. 49. SUBSTANTIVES. animal, _b[)e]natang_. father (common form), _bapa_. father (polite form), _ayah_, _ayahnda_. mother (common form), _mak_, _ibu_. mother (polite form), _bonda_. elder brother, _abang_. elder sister, _kakak_. younger brother or sister, _adek_. boy or girl, _budak_. brother or sister, _sudara_. husband, _laki_. wife, _bini_. forest, _hutan_. tree, _pokok_. plain, _padang_. shop, _k[)e]dei_. fruit, _buah_. sky, _langit_. ground, _tanah_. dollar, _ringgit_. road, _jalan_. age, _`umur_. ADJECTIVES. long, _panjang_. short, _pendek_, _pandah_. sweet, _manis_. wet, _basah_. dry, _k[)e]ring_. many, _baniak_. rich, _kaya_. poor, _miskin_. strong, _kuat_. hard, _k[)e]ras_. soft, _lumbut_. few, _sadikit_. VERBS. to say, _kata_. to go, _pergi_. to run, _lari_. to talk, _chakap_. to tell, _bilang_. to arrive, _sampei_. to sit, _duduk_. to dwell, _tinggal_. to send, _kirim_. to bring, _bawa_. EXAMPLES. _To a Raja._ Your house is very large-- _Rumah tunku baniak besar._ Your father is very old-- _Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat._ This is your horse-- _Ini tunku punya kuda._ _To a respectable Chinese._ There is a quantity of cloth in your shop-- _Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya k[)e]dei._ When did you arrive?-- _Towkay bila sampei?_ Your elder brother is very rich-- _Towkay punya abang baniak kaya._ Your carriage and mine are alike-- _Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama._ _To a Malay Headman._ There are a number of people in your house-- _Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh._ Your son is very strong-- _Anak datoh, baniak kuat._ Where do you live?-- _Datoh di-mana tinggal?_ _To a Malay of superior rank._ What do you say to it?-- _Apa kata inche?_ Who told it to you?-- _Siapa bilang kapada inche?_ Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees-- _Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah._ _To a Sayyid or Haji._ Where are you going to?-- _Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?_ What is your age?-- _B[)e]r-apa `umur tuan?_ I wish to talk a little with you-- _Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan._ _To Persons of inferior rank._ Who are you?-- _Siapa kamu?_ Is this yours?-- _Angkau punya-kah ini?_ Where is your house?-- _Di-mana rumah angkau?_ Bring your hat-- _Bawa topi s[)e]ndiri._ Where do you live?-- _Di-mana tinggal?_ Have you got a light?-- _Ada api?_ Why are you so late?-- _Apa buat lambat ini?_ When you were at the shop just now, who was there?-- _Apabila angkau di k[)e]dei tadi siapa ada di-situ?_ EXERCISE. Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle. LESSON III. SUBSTANTIVES. news, _khabar_. workman, _tukang_. cat, _kuching_. rat, _tikus_. sugar, _gula_. needle, _jarum_. form, _rupa_. elephant, _gajah_. ADJECTIVES. excellent, _endah_. careful, _jimat_. worthless, _burok_. difficult, _susah_. VERBS. To do, make, _buat_. To seek, _ch[)a]hari_. To conceal, _sembunyi_. To find, obtain, _dapat_. ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON. One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_), while the adjective remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase "This house is larger than that," may be rendered _Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu_ (_Yih ghar us ghar se ba[r.][-a] hai_). EXAMPLES. The rumour is better than the reality-- _Endah khabar deri rupa._ The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling-- _Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling._ The cat is larger than the mouse-- _Besar kuching deri tikus._ This is better than that-- _Baik ini deri-pada itu._ (_Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared._) The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the adverb _lebeh_ or _ter-lebeh_, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by the preposition _deri_ or _deri-pada_. Hotter than before-- _Lebeh panas deri dahulu._ Sweeter than honey-- _Lebeh manis deri gula._ It is better to go than to remain-- _Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal._ The adverb _lagi_, more, is sometimes used instead of _lebeh_. You must make it larger-- _Mahu buat besar lagi._ This is better-- _Ini lagi baik._ Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb _korang_, less, prefixed to the adjective; as _korang baik_, not very good; _korang biasa_, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed). The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a comparison of universal application; as-- This is the best (lit. this is better than all)-- _Baik ini deri sumua._ The finest needle of all-- _Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia._ The hardest of all to obtain-- _Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia._ Secondly, by the use of the adverb _sakali_, very, exceedingly, after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun _yang_; as-- The best-- _Yang baik sakali._ The worst-- _Yang burok sakali._ Such-a-one was the handsomest-- _Yang elok sakali si-anu._ Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle _sa_ before it; as-- The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man-- _Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang._ The very least-- _Sa-korang-korang._ Utterly and completely guilty-- _Sa-penoh-penoh salah._ The most just king-- _Sa-adil-adil raja._ With the greatest care-- _Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat._ You must look out for the very best article-- _Handak ch[)a]hari yang sa-baik-baik-nia._ He hides it with the greatest pains-- _Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia._ EXERCISE. My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than the horse. LESSON IV. ON INTENSIVES. SUBSTANTIVES. reception-hall, _balei_. room, _bilek_. stairs, _tangga_. a play, _per-main-an_. conduct, _ka-laku-an_. body, _tuboh_. head, _kapala_. year, _tahun_. month, _bulan_. price, _harga_. country, _n[)e]gri_. queen, _permeisuri_. king, _raja_. minister, _mantri_. patience, _sabar_. ADJECTIVES. ill, painful, _sakit_. cheap, _morah_. dear, _mahal_. wide, _luas_. astonished, _heiran_. thin, _kurus_. fat, _gumok_. illustrious, _mulia_. narrow, _simpit_. glad, _suka_. VERBS. to see, _lihat_. to demand, _minta_. to be able, _buleh_. to hear, _dengar_. to play, _main_. to look, _tengok_. to enter, _masok_ to order, _suroh_. _On Intensives._-- To express an intensive degree the particle _ter_ is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as _ter-b[)e]sar_, very large; _ter-kuasa_, very powerful; _ter-lebeh_, most; _ter-lalu_, excessively; _ter-lampau_, surpassing; _ter-amat_, most exceedingly. The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as _ikan yang besar-besar_, great big fish; _burong kechil-kechil_, very small birds; _n[)e]gri jauh-jauh_, far-distant lands; _dia harti baik-baik_, he understands very well. The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of words:-- _baniak_, very. _amat_, exceedingly. _sangat_, very. _sakali_, quite, most. _ter-lebeh_, most. _ter-lalu_, excessively. _ter-langsong_, } surpassingly. _ter-lampau_, } _ter-amat_, most exceedingly. All of these precede the positive except _sakali_, which invariably follows it. _Amat_ and _sangat_ are also sometimes placed after the adjective which they qualify. It is common to use more than one of these words with the same adjective, just as we say "the very most." EXAMPLES. There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall-- _Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang._ His body was very thin-- _Tuboh-nia sangat kurus._ The performance was exceedingly pretty-- _Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an._ He was immensely astonished at seeing it-- _Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan._ This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap-- _Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia._ You must be exceedingly patient-- _Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat._ Very stupid in appearance-- _Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia._ The road is very bad-- _Jalan itu burok sakali._ Most exceedingly painful-- _Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit._ It was a very large country-- _Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu._ His conduct was too bad-- _Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia._ The adjective _maha_, great, is similarly used; as _maha besar_, very great; _maha mulia_, most illustrious; _maha kuasa_, all-powerful. EXERCISE. He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The old man's cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I have a very bad headache. LESSON V. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the interrogation sufficiently. Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle _-kah_ affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence. Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of such words as-- _apa_, what? _siapa_, who? _ka-mana_, where? _b[)e]r-apa_, how many? _mana_, who, which, how? _bagei-mana_, how? _apa sebab_, or } _apa buat_, or } why? _mengapa_ } SUBSTANTIVES. time, _kali_. rain, _hujan_. market, _pasar_. stone, _batu_. use, _guna_. iron, _besi_. steel, _baja_. tin, _timah_. lead, _timah hitam_. copper, _tambaga_. box, _p[)e]ti_. kind, sort, _macham_. tobacco, _tambakau_. coffee, _kahwah_. tea, _teh_, _cha_. tea (dry), _daun teh_. tea (liquid), _ayer teh_. money, _wang_. jacket, _baju_. trousers, _saluar_. EXAMPLES. What is the matter?-- _Apa korang?_ What is to be done? (_i.e._, there is nothing to be done)-- _Apa bulik buat?_ What is the use?-- _Apa guna?_ Whence do you come?-- _Deri-mana datang kamu?_ Where are you going?-- _Handak pergi ka-mana?_ Why did you not tell me sooner?-- _Apa buat ta'bilang dahulu?_ What do you say?-- _Apa kata kamu?_ Why do ye run?-- _Mengapa kumu orang lari?_ Where did you get that?-- _Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?_ Which tree shall I cut down?-- _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_ How many days ago?-- _B[)e]rapa hari sudah?_ When was he at the market?-- _Bila-mana dia di pasar?_ Whose house is this?-- _Rumah ini siapa punya?_ Are there many Chinese in Patani?-- _Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?_ Was it truly he who did it?-- _Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?_ Is it this one or another?-- _Ini-kah atau lain-kah?_ Is it going to rain?-- _Handak hujan-kah?_ What is the price of this?-- _B[)e]rapa harga ini?_ What is the news? (How goes it?)-- _Apa khabar?_ How could I dare to do it ?-- _Macham mana sahaya b[)e]rani buat?_ EXERCISE. Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the coffee? How many miles (lit. _stones_) is it to the market? Shall I cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who was that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do they not enter? Sometimes the word _apa_ at the commencement of a sentence gives it an interrogative sense;[1] as _apa, tuan ta' makan daging karbau?_ do you not eat buffalo meat? _apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu?_ what! would not the stork's neck be inconveniently long? _apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?_ does not my lord recognise that stork?[2] [Footnote 1: Like the Hindustani _kya_ or the Latin _an_, _num_. Forbes' Hindustani Manual.] [Footnote 2: Sri Rama. Favre's Grammar, p. 92.] LESSON VI. FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SENTENCES. _Tidak_, no. _Tiada_, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.). _Bukan_, no, not. _Jangan_, don't, let not. _Antah_, I know not; who knows? there is no saying. _Jangan-kan_, not only, not, so far from. _Bukan_ is a more emphatic denial than _tidak_. It is also used, either alone or with the affix _-kah_, to signify _is it not?_ _is it not so?_ _Tiada_ is generally abbreviated colloquially to _t'ada_ and _t'a'_ (in Java _trada_ and _tra_). _Antah_ is an expression of doubt. EXAMPLES. Yes or no?-- _Ya atau tidak._ That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be-- _Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan._ It is nothing = never mind-- _Tidak apa._ He got no small quantity of fish-- _Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit._ Her beauty was of no ordinary kind-- _Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang._ Is this his house or not?-- _Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?_ Indescribable, wonderful-- _Bukan buat-an lagi_ (lit. _it was no longer doing_). You said just now that you went home first, did you not?-- _Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?_ He is not my child-- _Bukan-lah iya anak hamba._ He will not come-- _Dia ta' mahu datang._ I asked him a great many times, but he would not-- _Sahaya minta b[)e]rapa kali tiada dia mahu._ There are no fish in the market-- _T'ada ikan di pasar._ I do not know where he has gone-- _Antah ka-mana pergi-nia._ There is no saying how many of them died-- _Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati._ It cannot be otherwise-- _Ta' dapat tiada._ He cannot enter-- _Dia ta'bulih masok._ Do not go-- _Jangan pergi._ Do not believe what people say-- _Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang._ Shall I enter the house or not?-- _Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?_ So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it-- _Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak._ Not to speak of _you_, of _me_, even, they are afraid-- _Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut._ EXERCISE. He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (_kuat_). _New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart._ Beautiful, beauty, _molek_; dead, to die, _mati_; to believe, _perchaya_; saying, speech, _per-kata-an_ (from _kata_, to say); to fear, _takut_; to write, _tulis_; night, _malam_; daylight, _siyang_; seed, _biji_; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, _buat-an_ (from _buat_, to do, to make); to go away, go home, _pulang_. LESSON VII. ON THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS. For a list of the most useful prepositions see _supra_, p. 63. EXAMPLES. We are going _up_ the mountain-- _Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong._ _For_ every _orlong_ (land-measure) ten cents-- _Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit._[3] The clerks who are _under_ him-- _Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia._ Many people have settled _at_ that place-- _Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu._ He saw it _from_ outside-- _Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan._ People have remarked upon the subject _before_ me (in my presence)-- _Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya._ The Raja gave a present _to_ him-- _Raja memb[)e]ri hadia kapada-nia._ Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter _to (with)_ Haji Daud-- _Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nika[h.]-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud._ They were sentenced _by_ the judge-- _Di-[h.]ukum-kan uleh [h.]akim._ _Among_ the four men three were wounded and one ran away-- _Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari._ I want to know _about_ that affair-- _Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu._ The case was begun _on_ the first day of the month-- _Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia._ _With_ great haste-- _Dengan sangat gopoh._ He has gone _towards_ the kitchen-- _Sudah dia jalan sa-b[)e]lah dapor._ _On_ both sides of the road-- _Antara ka-dua b[)e]lah jalan._ _Regarding_ the subject of that document-- _Akan hal surat itu._ _After_ a few days-- _Lepas sadikit hari._ He was buried _near_ his father-- _Di-[k.]ubur-kan d[)e]kat ayah-nia._ _According to_ their circumstances-- _Atas [k.]adar-nia._ _According to_ his strength-- _Sa-kadar kuasa-nia._ Go _to_ your master-- _Pergi sama tuan kamu._ He inquired _about_ a murder-- _Dia pre[k.]sa fasal bunoh._ Another version _behind_ your back-- _Balik b[)e]lakang lain bichara._ _Between_ earth and sky-- _Antara bumi dan langit._ To walk _through_ the water-- _Ber-jalan trus ayer._ _For the sake of_ God-- _Karana Allah._ _As far as_ the cross-roads-- _Hingga sempang jalan._ _Until_ now-- _Sampei sakarang._ [Footnote 3: In Penang 1 _duit_ = 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca ¼ cent.] EXERCISE. He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night. The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:-- Clerk, _krani_; place, _tampat_; affair, subject, _hal_; gift, present, _hadia_; judge, _[h.]akim_; order, sentence, _[h.]ukum_; case, negotiation, _bichara_; hurried, haste, _gopoh_; kitchen, _dapor_; a grave, _[k.]ubur_; to bury, _[k.]ubur-kan_; rate, condition, circumstances, _[k.]adar_; strength, power, _kuasa_; the back, _b[)e]lakang_; the earth, _bumi_; God, _Allah_; fork (of a road), _sempang_; side, _b[)e]lah_. To ascend, _naik_; to reflect, consider, _kenang_; wounded, to wound, _luka_; to marry, _nika[h.]_; to give in marriage, _nika[h.]-kan_; to examine, inquire into, _pre[k.]sa_; to kill, _bunoh_; to receive, _t[)e]rima_. LESSON VIII. ON THE WORDS _SUDAH_ AND _HABIS_. SUBSTANTIVES. a lock, _kunchi_. a key, _anak kunchi_. accounts, _kira-kira_. skill, _ka-pandei-an_. anger, _ka-marah-an_. small-pox, _ka-tumboh-an_. loss, _rugi_. disease, _penyakit_. an egg, _t[)e]lor_. an axe, _kapak_. the foot, _kaki_. cold (in the head), _sardi_. dagger, kris, _kris_. rocks, reef, _karang_. a fine, _denda_. blemish, _chachat_. VERBS. to lock, _kunchi-kan_. to try, attempt, _choba_. to expend, _b[)e]lanja_. to be silent, _diam_. to break, _pechah_. to stab, _tikam_. to beat, _pukul_. to be destroyed, _binasa_. to burn, _bakar_; burnt, _ter-bakar_. to be angry, _marah_. to loose, _lepas_; loosed _ter-lepas_. to disobey, _bantah_. to cheat, _tipu_. to be damaged, _rosak_. to rob, _samun_. to bite (as a snake), _pagut_. ADJECTIVES. guilty, _salah_. black, _hitam_. slow, _lambat_. rotten, _busuk_. severe, _t[)e]rok_. fit, suitable, probable, _harus_. ADVERBS. quickly, _l[)a]kas_. slowly, _perlahan_. _Sudah_ is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c. _Habis_ signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the following examples:-- EXAMPLES. Have you locked the door?-- _Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?_ I have-- _Sudah._ When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)-- _Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu._ It is not yet finished-- _Belum sudah._ It is half finished (just being finished)-- _Tengah handak sudah._ Nearly finished-- _Dekat mahu sudah._ Long ago-- _Lama sudah._ A month ago, more or less-- _Lebih korang sa'bulan sudah._ That is enough-- _Sudah-lah._ It has gone bad-- _Sudah busuk._ It is over-- _Sudah habis._ His father is an old man (has become old)-- _Bapa-nia sudah tuah._ Try to complete this-- _Choba-lah bagi sudah._ He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well-- _Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik._ Now it is (has become) near-- _Sakarang sudah d[)e]kat._ They are all dead and gone-- _Sumua-nia mati habis._ Entirely destroyed-- _Habis binasa._ It is all spent-- _Sudah b[)e]lanja habis._ When he had finished speaking-- _Apabila sudah habis chakap._ All were quite silent-- _Habis-lah diam sumua._ The utmost of his skill-- _Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia._ EXERCISE. He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father's money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. I am just finishing this letter. LESSON IX. ON THE VERB _K[)E]NA_. _K[)e]na_, in the sense of "to incur," is frequently used with other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of "he was fined," Malays will say "he incurred a fine;" instead of "he was blamed," "he incurred anger." _K[)e]na_ also means to touch, strike, hit, affect. _K[)e]na apa?_ "affected by what?" is frequently pronounced as a single word, _kenapa_, meaning "why?" He was prosecuted-- _Dia k[)e]na bichara._ They were sentenced to five years each-- _K[)e]na hukum atas sa'orang lima tahun._ He incurred the displeasure of his father-- _Dia k[)e]na ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia._ The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg-- _Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, k[)e]na di b[)e]lakang kaki-nia._ Those who have not yet had small-pox-- _Orang yang belum k[)e]na ka-tumboh-an._[4] If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars-- _Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti k[)e]na denda lima ringgit._ I have been cheated-- _Sahaya sudah k[)e]na tipu._ He has been found guilty-- _Dia sudah k[)e]na salah._ He died of a snake-bite-- _Dia mati k[)e]na pagut ular._ That won't do (does not hit it)-- _Ta' k[)e]na bagitu._ Don't go there, you may be injured-- _Jangan pergi sana, barangkali k[)e]na satu apa-apa._ I am always catching cold-- _Salalu sahaya k[)e]na sardi._[5] If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (_i.e._, the patient will probably die)-- _Kalau tiada k[)e]na ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu._ [Footnote 4: The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word is _ka-tumboh-an_ (lit. _eruption_); in Malacca and Singapore, _chachar_; in Perak, _si-tawar_ and _sakit orang baik_ (lit. "disease of the good people," a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, _puru nasi_.] [Footnote 5: _Sardi_ (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang. _Selesima_ and _selimat_ generally mean more than a mere cold in the head.] EXERCISE. He died of a stab with a _kris_. He was put to great expense. The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were fined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss. That place won't do. This letter has been blackened by fire. Yesterday he incurred his master's anger. LESSON X. ON THE VERBS _BULEH_, _BAHAGI_, &C. The verbs _buleh_, can, or to be able; _bahagi_, to give (lit. to divide); _kasih_ and _b[)e]ri_, to give, grant; and _biar_, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably precede. _Buleh_ is a contraction of _ber-uleh_, a verb formed from the preposition _uleh_, by, by means of. The primary meaning of _ber-uleh_ or _buleh_ is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean "to be able." The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as _ber-uleh per-minta-an_, to obtain (compliance with) a request; _sudah-kah buleh anak?_ have you had a child? EXAMPLES. How can one know?-- _Mana buleh tahu?_ Can you read English?-- _Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?_ It is not to be calculated-- _Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi._ Every month I remind (give to remember) him-- _Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan b[)e]ri ingat._ To feed (lit. give to eat)-- _B[)e]ri makan._ Just read that and let me hear it-- _Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar._ I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me-- _Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta' bahagi._ He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu-- _Dia b[)e]ri tahu kapada Penghulu._ Send those people away-- _Kasih pulang orang-orang itu._ Let it fall-- _Biar jatoh._ EXERCISE. I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother cannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come into the house. When can you come? Request, _per-minta-an_, from _minta_, to ask; messenger, _lit._ one ordered, _penyuroh_, from _suroh_, to order; to remember, _ingat_; to read, _bacha_; to fall, _jatoh_; every, _tiap-tiap_. LESSON XI. ON THE VERBS _LANGSONG_, _LALU_, &C. In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to use the words _langsong_, _lanjar_ or _lanchar_, and _lalu_, to proceed, go, direct one's course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English idiom, to _go and_ do a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the adverbs "immediately," "at last," "incontinently," "forthwith," "altogether." _Langsong_ is generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally use _lanjar_ in the same sense. EXAMPLES. Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it-- _Handak masak langsong hangus._ He went to Meccah and never returned-- _Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta' balik._ The pony fell down and immediately died-- _R[)e]bah kuda itu langsong mati._ He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor-- _Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor._ He spat it out and then went and licked it up again-- _Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat_ (a proverb). He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him-- _Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam._ He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar-- _Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar._ He has gone altogether-- _Dia sudah pergi langsong._ _Lalu_ is often used in the sense of "can," "able," instead of _buleh_. I cannot do it-- _Sahaya ta' lalu buat._ For a day or two past she has been unable to eat-- _Sudah satu dua hari dia ta' lalu makan nasi._[6] Will fish swallow a bare hook?-- _Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?_ [Footnote 6: _Makan nasi_, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter.] EXERCISE. He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor? To cook, _masak_; to burn, _hangus_; to fall down, _r[)e]bah_; to return, _balik_; to spit, _ludah_; to lick, _jilat_; to take, _ambil_; to eat, _makan_; to go out, _kaluar_; to sink, _tinggalam_; a sail, _laiar_; to sail; _ber-laiar_; a knife, _pisau_; a district, _daira_; rice, _b[)e]ras_; boiled rice, _nasi_; fish-hook, _mata kail_; reach of a river, _rantau_; down-stream, _hilir_; up-stream, _hulu_. LESSON XII. ON THE WORDS _SAMPAT_ AND _DAN_. _Sampat_, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and _dan_, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed with verbs in much the same manner as _buleh_, _lalu_, &c. In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), _sampang_ is used instead of _sampat_. These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than an affirmative one. EXAMPLES. They are not able to stand-- _Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-diri._ There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room-- _Tiada sampang di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-b[)e]lah dapor sahaja._ There was no time to render assistance-- _Tiada dan di-tulong._ He is not in a position to resist-- _Tiada sampat iya me-lawan._ I was not in time to see him; he had already started-- _Ta'dan ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu._ Such of them as could not gain the shore-- _Barang yang tiada sampat naik ka-darat._ EXERCISE. He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance. Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand up he struck me. To stand, _ber-diri_; except, but, _hania_; to help, _tulong_; to resist, oppose, _lawan_; to meet, _jumpa_; land, _darat_; any, some, each, every, _barang_. PART III. The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and illustrated in some degree the construction of sentences in Malay. It is now proposed to give a series of useful words and phrases applicable for the most part to common domestic incidents, so that the student may at once have at command the phrases most likely to be required in speaking to native servants. Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese, Javanese, &c.), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards style or pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at something more than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words, and he should be on his guard therefore against the errors of people of this class. Facility of expression and the accurate use of idioms can only be acquired by much practice in speaking with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay authors. LESSON XIII. { breakfast, } Bring { dinner, } { luncheon, } _Bawa makan-an_.[1] Put bread on the table-- _Taroh roti di-atas meja._[2] Is there any milk?-- _Susu ada-kah?_ A little sugar-- _Gula sadikit._ Shut the door-- _Tutup (OR katup) pintu._ Open the window-- _Buka jandela[3] (OR tingkap)._ Light the candle-- _Pasang[4] dian[5] (OR lilin)._ Put out the lamp-- _Padam palita._[6] I am very hungry-- _Sahaya lapar sangat._ Have you eaten rice?-- _Sudah makan nasi?_ What will you drink, sir?-- _Tuan apa handak minum?_ Go quickly-- _Pergi lakas._ Don't be long-- _Jangan lambat._ Call him here-- _Panggil din ka-mari._ Tell him to come here-- _Ajak dia kamari._ Tell him I want to speak to him-- _Khabar-kan dia sahaya handak chakap sadikit._ Don't make a noise-- _Jangan engar-engar._ Go to the right-- _Pergi ka-kanan._ Go towards the right-- _Pergi sa-b[)e]lah kanan._ Turn to the left-- _Pusing sa-b[)e]lah kiri._ Come-- _Mari._ _Mari-lah._ Come here-- _Mari sini._ _Mari di-sini._ _Mari-lah ka-mari._ Come near-- _Mari d[)e]kat._ Come quite near-- _Mari d[)e]kat-d[)e]kat._ [Footnote 1: Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word _hazri_ is used for breakfast.] [Footnote 2: _Meza_ or _meja_, table, is borrowed from the Persian.] [Footnote 3: _Jandela_ is from the Portuguese _janella_, and is applied to the windows of the houses of Europeans. _Tingkap_ is the window or window-shutter of a native house.] [Footnote 4: _Pasang_ signifies to give action to, to apply.] [Footnote 5: _Dian_ is the better word. _Lilin_ is literally wax.] [Footnote 6: _Palita_, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian _patilah_), signifies the match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in sorcery.] EXERCISE. Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp quickly. Bring tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the table. Is there any coffee? When you reach the cross-roads turn to the right. Eat first and then go. Don't tell any one. Who is making a noise outside? He told him to come quite near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows. LESSON XIV. I want a servant (lit. a hired man)-- _Sahaya handak chahari orang gaji sa'orang._ Where did you work before?-- _Di-mana kerja dahulu?_ What wages do you want per month?-- _B[)e]r-apa mahu gaji pada sa-bulan?_ I will give seven dollars a month-- _Sahaya handak kasih tujoh ringgit sa-bulan._ Take care-- _Jaga baik-baik._ Hold it quite straight-- _Pegang-lah betul-betul._ Steady now; don't let it slant-- _Baik-baik-lah jangan singet._ Don't forget-- _Jangan lupa._ Call the syce-- _Panggil sais._[7] Have you cleaned the horse?-- _Kuda sudah gosok-kah?_ Just as you please-- _Mana suka tuan._ Just as you may order-- _Mana hukum tuan._ What o'clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)?-- _Sudah pukul b[)e]r-apa?_ It has struck twelve-- _Sudah pukul dua-b[)e]las._ It is half-past ten-- _Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah._ It wants a quarter to one-- _Pukul satu korang suku._ Take away those shoes-- _Bawa pergi kasut[8] itu._ Take away all the things-- _Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua._ Get the carriage ready-- _Siap-kan kreta_,[9] or _sedia-kan-lah kreta._ Have you ordered the carriage?-- _Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah?_ Put the horse to-- _K[)e]na-kan kuda._ A pair of horses-- _Kuda sa-pasang._ Saddle the black horse-- _Bubok zin[10] diatas kuda hitam._ Bring the riding-horse-- _Bawa kuda tunggang._ [Footnote 7: _Sa'is_ (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom, horsekeeper.] [Footnote 8: _Kasut_ is the native word, but _sapatu_ (Portuguese _sapato_) is also extensively used to signify boots and shoes of European pattern.] [Footnote 9: _Kreta_, Portuguese _carreta_.] [Footnote 10: _Zin_, Hindustani and Persian. _Palana_ (Hindustani and Persian _patan_, a pack-saddle) and _sela_ (Portuguese _sella_) are also used.] EXERCISE. Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a month? At two o'clock or half-past two, just as you like. I intend to dine at seven o'clock; don't forget. Hold it carefully, and don't let it fall. Where are all the servants? Have you ordered the syce to saddle the horse? Take care; this horse is rather vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage ready? I shall return at five o'clock. Call some one to hold the horse. I have brought one pair of shoes. LESSON XV. Is the cook there?-- _Tukang[11] masak ada-kah?_ I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses-- _Pada dua-dua ekor kuda sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa'orang._ The gardener does not work on Friday-- _Hari juma`at tukang-kabun tiada kerja._ Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker's-- _Tulong-lah p[)a]san pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut._ What I want are shoes that lace up-- _Yang sahaya handak itu, kasut yang ber-tali._ Where does the goldsmith live?-- _Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas?_ Look out for some good carpenter-- _Ch[)a]hari-lah tukang-kayu mana-mana satu yang pandei sadikit._ How much must I pay the blacksmith?-- _B[)e]rapa handak baiar kapada tukang b[)e]si?_ The painter says it will be finished in two days-- _Kata tukang-chat lagi dua hari habis-lah._ It must be here at two o'clock without fail-- _Mahu ada di-sini jam pukul dua, ta' bulih tidak._ I am sorry that so-and-so has not come-- _Sayang-lah si-anu ta' datang._ What a pity!-- _Kasih-an!_ Poor old man!-- _Kasihan-lah orang tuah!_ On what day will the washerman come?-- _Hari mana dobi[12] handak datang?_ I will not give it-- _Sahaya ta' mahu kasih._ He asks too much-- _Dia minta ter-lampau baniak._ He asks too long a price-- _Dia minta mahal sangat._ Speak slowly-- _Chakap perlahan-perlahan._ Has he brought anything?-- _Sudah dia bawa apa-apa?_ [Footnote 11: _Tukang._ This word in Malay corresponds to our "_fellow_," the Hindustani _wala_ and the Tamul _karen_. When used, as in the examples above given, as part of a compound, it signifies agent, doer, keeper.] [Footnote 12: _Dhobi_ is Hindustani; _binara_, washerman, is the most idiomatic term, but _tukang-basoh_ is often heard, also, in Batavia, _tukang menatu_.] EXERCISE. What has the cook brought? Tell the washerman to come in three days. How much does he ask? Why is the gardener not working? The shoemaker was not at his house. Have you called the blacksmith? When will you give it to me? If you speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little child! The black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. Did he demand anything? LESSON XVI. Pour out the tea-- _Tuang ayer teh._ This water is not hot enough-- _Ayer ini ta' panas b[)e]tul._ When it is boiling bring it-- _Apa-bila ayer men-didih baharu-lah bawa._ Boil two eggs-- _Masak t[)e]lor dua biji._ Kill a fowl-- _Potong (OR sembilik[13]) hayam sa' ekor._ Don't scald it; pluck the feathers out-- _Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabut satu-satu._ Make an omelette-- _Buat dadar telor._ Count these knives-- _Choba bilang pisau ini b[)e]rapa._ A person has brought bread for sale-- _Ada orang handak jual roti._ Take two loaves-- _Ambil-lah dua k[)e]tul._ What kind of meat do you wish me to get?-- _Daging apa macham tuan handak suroh ch[)a]hari?_ I am not particularly fond of beef-- _Daging lumbu sahaya ta' b[)e]rapa gamar._ See if you can get any mutton-- _Choba pre[k.]sa daging kambing barang-kali dapat k[)e]lak._[14] Is the meat to be roasted or boiled?-- _Daging handak panggang-kah handak rebus-kah?_ Mince it up fine-- _Chinchang lumat-lumat._ Don't be troublesome-- _Jangan bising._ This is the fruit-season-- _Ini-lah musim buah kayu._ What kind of fruit is there for sale now?-- _Apa macham buah orang jual sakarang?_ Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges-- _Buah mampelam, buah manggis dan limau manis._ Are there any shaddocks?-- _Limau kadangsa ada-kah?_ Buy about a dozen limes-- _B[)e]li limau asam barang dua-b[)e]las biji._ The basket is full-- _Bakul sudah p[)e]noh._ Bring a basket to put these things into-- _Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan barang-barang ini._ This durian is unripe-- _Buah durian ini muda lagi._ No, sir; its pulp is delicious-- _Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia._ These durians are not to be surpassed-- _Ta' lawan-lah buah durian ini._ [Footnote 13: _Sembilik_ is used only of the killing of an animal by a Muhammadan for consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption of the Arabic phrase Bi-smi-ll[-a]hi, which is pronounced as the animal's throat is cut.] [Footnote 14: _K[)e]lak_ implies a doubt, "perchance," "may be."] EXERCISE. I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring a basket? Are not these mangoes unripe? How many mangostins are there in the basket? Can you make an omelette? Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the water is boiling put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has brought. How many loaves of bread do you take each day? He is not very clever at cooking. LESSON XVII. Call a hack-carriage-- _Panggil kreta sewa._ I want to hire this carriage to go to church-- _Sahaya mahu sewa kareta ini handak pergi ka-greja._[15] What fare shall I have to pay?-- _B[)e]rapa nanti k[)e]na bayar penyewa-nia?_ Can you get there in half-an-hour?-- _Tengah jam buleh sampei-kah?_ Has the gun fired (lit. sounded)?-- _Mariam[16] sudah ber-bunyi-kah?_ The cannon has gone off-- _Mariam sudah me-letup._ He fired a musket-- _Dia me-letup-kan snapang._[17] Let go. Leave hold-- _Lepas tangan._ Who is there?-- _Siapa ada?_ Bring a light-- _Bawa api._ Where are the matches?-- _Di-mana goris api?_ Say that again-- _Choba kata lagi sakali._ I did not quite hear-- _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rapa dengar._ They are great liars-- _Dia orang kuat mem-bohong._ I dare not tell you a lie-- _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rani mem-bohong kapada tuan._ I am very sorry to hear it-- _Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar._ Move to the right-- _K[)e]sak ka-kanan._ This is a very large pine-apple-- _Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini._ Plantains are of various kinds-- _Macham-macham-lah pisang._ I cannot come to-morrow-- _Besok sahaya ta' buleh kamari._ Cut this stick in two-- _Kayu ini k[)e]rat dua._ Bring some wine and water-- _Bawa anggor sama ayer._ Has the rain stopped?-- _Sudah tedoh-kah hujan?_ It has moderated-- _Ada sidang sadikit._ The rain is very heavy-- _Hujan lebat sakali._ It has stopped-- _Sudah ber-hinti._ [Footnote 15: _Greja_, from the Portuguese _iglesia_.] [Footnote 16: _Mariam_, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from the Portuguese name of the Holy Virgin. --_Crawfurd._] [Footnote 17: _Snapang_, from the Dutch _snaphaan_.] EXERCISE. Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him to light the lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to let go. Have you heard the gun fire? One cannot get there in an hour. He will hire out (lit. give to hire) his carriage. When the rain has stopped I will go there. He does not drink wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it. He demands much too high a fare. LESSON XVIII. Is dinner ready?-- _Makan-an sudah sedia-kah?_ I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening-- _Sudah sahaya per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini malam ini._ You must cool the wine well-- _-Mahu-lah sejuk-kan anggor baik-baik._ If there is not enough saltpetre get more-- _Kalau korang sendawa ambil-lah lagi._ There is plenty of ice-- _Ayer b[)a]ku[18] ada baniak._ What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty?-- _Ubi Benggala b[)e]rapa harga sa-kati?_ Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth-- _Senduk garfu sumua-nia sapu-lah sama kain._ There is a hole in this tablecloth-- _Kain meja ini ber-lobang._ It caught on a nail and was torn-- _Sudah ter-sangkut di-hujong paku langsong koyah-lah._ Some gravy was spilt on it-- _Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia._ Let the vegetables be perfectly hot-- _Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali._ It is difficult to get fish at this hour-- _Ikan payah di-chahari bagini hari._ The pomfret is better than the sole-- _Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan lidah._ He is washing the plates-- _Dia mem-basoh piring._ That lad is very handy-- _Ch[)e]pat sakali budak itu._ Pull out the cork-- _Chabut penyumbat._[19] Put in the cork-- _Bubok-lah penyumbat._ Do you want this bottle for any purpose?-- _Tuan handak ber-guna-kan balang[20] ini?_ Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands)-- _Bawa ayer basoh tangan._ [Footnote 18: Lit. "congealed water;" _ayer batu_, "stone water" is also used, but less correctly.] [Footnote 19: _Penyumbat_, a stopper, from _sumbat_, to stop up, close.] [Footnote 20: _Balang_ is the native word for a flask or bottle, but is seldom heard in the British settlements, where the English word "bottle" is generally understood.] EXERCISE. Wipe this table. Don't give the washerman the tablecloths which have holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I shall want it some day. I came here having been invited[21] by Mr. ----. [Footnote 21: _Di-per-sila-kan uleh._] LESSON XIX. Look at this for a moment-- _Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar._ Let me see it-- _Biar sahaya me-lihat._ Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?-- _Kamu nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap?_ I did not pay particular attention-- _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rapa per-hati-kan._ I don't quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)-- _Sahaya korang pre[k.]sa._ Pick out those that are torn-- _Pilih yang ter-koyah._ How many pairs of white trousers are there?-- _Saluar puteh ada b[)e]r apa h[)a]lei?_ Give me a shirt-- _Kasih kameja[22] sa'lei._[23] Thick material (_e.g._, blanket, rug, flannel)-- _Kain panas._ Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (_e.g._, sheet, coverlet)-- _S[)a]limut._ Fold up this handkerchief-- _Lipat sapu-tangan ini._ He was lying wrapped up with a blanket-- _Dia tidor-lah ber-s[)a]limut kain panas._ They wrapped him round with a sarong-- _Di-s[)a]limut-kan-nia kain sarong._ There is one pair of socks too few-- _Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang._ My waist-belt has disappeared-- _Tali pinggang sudah ta' nampa lagi._ Bolt the door-- _Kanching-kan-lah pintu._ Knock at the door before coming in-- _K[)e]tok pintu dahulu baharu-lah masok._ I am going to bathe now-- _Sahaya handak mandi sakarang._ Is there any water for bathing?-- _Ayer mandi ada-kah?_ The tub is full-- _Tong sudah p[)e]noh._ [Footnote 22: _Kameja_, Portuguese _camiza_.] [Footnote 23: See _supra_, p. 70.] [[Numeral coefficients, no. 5]] EXERCISE. Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick trousers. Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let me see that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you did not hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold up these sheets. LESSON XX. Have you fed the dogs?-- _Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah?_ Did you deliver that letter?-- _Surat itu sudah s[)e]rah-kah?_ Is there any answer?-- _Ada jawab[24]-nia apa-apa?_ The master sends his compliments-- _Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak._ There are a great many mosquitoes here-- _Nyamok ter-lampau baniak di-sini._ I don't much like living here-- _Sahaya ta' b[)e]r-apa suka duduk[25] di-sini._ I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that-- _Sahaya binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu._ Are you on good terms with so-and-so?-- _Kamu sama si-anu ada baik-kah?_ Mr. ---- was very angry with him-- _Marah sa-kali Tuan ---- kapada-nia._ I do not venture to interfere-- _Sahaya ta' b[)e]rani champor._ Don't interrupt-- _Jangan masok-kan mulut._ Mix both together-- _Champor-lah dua-dua._ I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies-- _Mahu-lah bawang lada garam sama chabei._ Don't use cocoa-nut oil-- _Jangan pakei minyak kalapa._ She sits weeping day and night-- _Dia duduk menangis siyang malam._ This will do as a pattern-- _Ini-lah jadi chonto._ He made a model of a house-- _Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah._ Where is the bullet-mould?-- _Achu-an peluru[26] dimana?_ My mind is made up-- _T[)e]tap-lah hati sahaya._ I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden-- _Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun._ [Footnote 24: _Jawab_ (a word of Arabic derivation) has been borrowed by the Malays from Hindustani.] [Footnote 25: _Duduk_, to sit, means also (in some districts) to live, inhabit.] [Footnote 26: _Pe-luru_, a missile, "that which goes direct," a substantive formed by the particle _pe-_ and the word _lurus_, direct, straight.] EXERCISE. I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then mix it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very good terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an answer. Don't be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a pattern. Give my compliments to your master. LESSON XXI. Can you sew?-- _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_ The tailor has come-- _Tukang jahit sudah datang._ This does not fit me-- _Ta' b[)e]tul ini dengan badan[27] sahaya._ Measure the length of this-- _Hukur-lah panjang-nia._ Just hold this for a moment-- _Tulong pegang ini sa`at._[28] Wait a moment-- _Nanti sa`at._ He has a bad foot-- _Kaki-nia sakit._ He was wounded between the ankle and the heel-- _Dia k[)e]na luka antara mata kaki dan tumit._ Her neck was swollen-- _Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia._ From the nape of the neck down to the feet-- _Deri tangkuk hingga kaki._ He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm)-- _Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan._ His knee-pan was broken-- _Patah-lah tempurong[29] lutut-nia._ A skull was found in the river-- _Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei._ As big as one's finger-- _Besar jari._ The thumb-- _Ibu jari_ or _ibu tangan._ The forefinger-- _Jari telunjuk._ The middle finger-- _Jari tengah_, _jari mati_, or _jari hantu._ The fourth finger-- _Jari manis._ The little finger-- _Jari kelingking._ His right arm was dislocated-- _Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah urat._ He has a beard-- _Dia ber-janggut._ One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache-- _Jarang ber-jumpa orang China ber-misei._ [Footnote 27: _Badan_, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; _tuboh_ is the native word; _salira_ (Sansk.) is also found.] [Footnote 28: More correctly _sa-sa`at_, one moment. _Sa`at_ (Arabic) is found in Hindustani also.] [Footnote 29: The primary meaning of _tempurong_ is "cocoa-nut shell."] EXERCISE. Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is swollen. Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near the knee. Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was much concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring[30] on her fourth finger. [Footnote 30: _Chinchin._] LESSON XXII. Bring my hat and riding-whip-- _Bawa topi[31] dengan rotan._[32] What is this candle made of?-- _Dian ini di-buat dengan apa?_ Give me pen and ink-- _Kasih kalam[33] sama dawat._[34] That man is deaf and dumb-- _Orang itu bisu._ His hair is very long-- _Panjang sakali rambut-nia._ What is your occupation?-- _Apa pen-chahari-an angkau?_ He cultivates padi for a livelihood-- _Dia buat bendang[35] men-chahari makan._ Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?-- _Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau mati-kah?_ This cloth is very dirty-- _Kotor sakali kain ini._ His house was entered by robbers last night-- _Rumah dia di-masok peny-amun sa-malam._ They made off with a good many things-- _Baniak juga barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi._ All were fast asleep, not one was awake-- _Sumua orang tidor lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga._ I keep my box under my bed-- _Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat tidor._ I sleep on an iron bedstead-- _Sahaya tidor di-atas katil[36] besi._ My two children sleep in the loft-- _Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidor di para._ There was a policeman watching in the street-- _Ada mata-mata sa'orang men-jaga di jalan._ He ran very fast and could not be caught-- _Dia lari ter-lalu d[)e]ras ta' s[)a]mpat orang menangkap._ The policeman chased him down to the river-bank-- _Mata-mata kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei._ Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the day-- _Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah hari._ [Footnote 31: _Topi_, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an European.] [Footnote 32: _Rotan_, rattan, more correctly _raut-an_, the thing peeled, from _raut_, to peel.] [Footnote 33: _Kalam_ (found in Hindustani also) is derived from the Arabic. Cf. Sanskrit _kalama_, a kind of rice; Greek +kalamos+.] [Footnote 34: _Dawat_ in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means inkstand, ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink. _Tinta_ (Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for _ink_.] [Footnote 35: _Buat bendang_, lit. "works the fields;" _bendang_ = wet rice-fields, as opposed to _huma_, dry fields on high ground.] [Footnote 36: _Ka[t.][t.]il_, Tamul, a cot.] EXERCISE.[37] Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka `adat-nia pada tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-t[)e]mu kapada yang ampunya ladang itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang. [Footnote 37: This and the following fables are taken from a Malay translation of the Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by Abdu-llah Munshi.] LESSON XXIII. People are making a clearing on the hill-- _Orang ber-ladang di-atas bukit._ What are they planting?-- _Apa di-tanam-nia?_ Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers-- _Pisang, labu, jagong, dan timun._ What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?-- _Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu?_ They are sprouting beautifully-- _Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu._ Goodness knows if they will live-- _Wallahu `alam akan hidop-nia._ We shall know in a few days-- _Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita._ He complained to the master about that matter also-- _Di-adu juga pada tuan hal itu._ I have never heard it-- _Ta' pernah hamba tuan men-dengar._ There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree-- _Lebat sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu._ Pick three or four ripe ones-- _Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang masak._ You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook-- _Tangan ta' sampei bawa penggait._ He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation-- _Di-buat-nia dangau di tengah ladang._ The walls are wood and the thatch _bertam_ leaves-- _Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam._ He tied it with rattan-- _Di-ikat-nia sama rotan._ Chop that stick with a bill-hook-- _Tetak kayu itu dengan parang._ He made a notch in the log-- _Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu._ The tax is 10 cents for every log-- _Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-batang._ The timber is the property of the owner of the land-- _Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah._ EXERCISE. Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya serta ber-kata "Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah `alamat akhir zaman-lah sudah," lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia. LESSON XXIV. His whip dropped on the road-- _Chabuk[38]-nia jatoh di jalan._ He drives exceedingly well-- _Dia pandei sakali pegang ras._[39] Drive out that dog-- _Halau-kan anjing itu._ I am going out for a drive-- _Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin._ He knows how to write Malay-- _Dia tahu menyurat Jawi._ The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different-- _Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain._ I want to stop a moment at the warehouse-- _Sahaya mahu singga sa-kejap di gedong._ When will you come and see me?-- _Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan sahaya?_ This skin has been destroyed by insects-- _Kulit ini habis-lah di-makan ulat._ He has no fixed occupation-- _Ta' tuntu pe-karja-an-nia._ He has no settled residence-- _Ta' tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia._ Who is the headman of the river?-- _Siapa kapala sungei?_ The headman of the village received him-- _Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala kampong._ Five men stood on guard at the door-- _Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu._ Whom do you wish to see?-- _Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah?_ I felt as if I wanted to cry-- _Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya._ I have been here for several months without meeting you-- _B[)e]r-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-t[)e]mu dengan tuan._ It was heard across the river-- _Ka-dengar-an sampei sab[)e]rang sungei._ By the mouth the body comes to harm-- _Sebab mulut badan binasa._ [Footnote 38: _Chabuk_, Hindi, whip.] [Footnote 39: _Pegang ras_, lit. holds the reins; _rassi_, Hindustani, reins.] EXERCISE. Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-b[)e]r-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan itu maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka ka-k[)e]ring-an-lah sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam penoh ayer-nia maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali memb[)e]ri tahu raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra`iyat-nia handak pergi me-minum ayer. LESSON XXV. What is the price of this?-- _Ini b[)e]r-apa harga?_ At first he demanded two dollars-- _Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit._ I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it-- _Sahaya tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-t[)a]rima-nia._ He said that the fixed price was two dollars-- _Kata-nia harga mati dua ringgit._ Give me whichever you please-- _Yang mana angkau suka handak bahagi, bahagi-lah._ Any one will do-- _Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah._ This quantity will do-- _Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini._ Is this boat your own?-- _Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah?_ Are you married?-- _Sudah ber-bini-kah?_ Is he a married man?-- _Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?_[40] He has three children-- _Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang._ How many children have you?-- _Sudah dapat anak b[)e]r-apa orang?_ His wife has lately had a child-- _Bini dia baharu ber-anak._ He has got a son by his elder wife-- _Dia sudah dapat anak laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang tuah._ Are these children twins?-- _Kambar-kah budak ini?_ I have known him from his childhood-- _Deri kechil lagi sahaya kenal._ His child is quite an infant, still at the breast-- _Kechil juga anak dia, menyusu lagi._ She suckled her child-- _Dia menetek-kan (OR menyusu-kan) anak-nia._ He is cutting his teeth-- _Baharu tumboh gigi-nia._ You must have it vaccinated-- _Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an._ It did not take the first time-- _Mula-mula ta' k[)e]na._ [Footnote 40: Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? _i.e._, has he an establishment of his own?] EXERCISE. Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan ra`iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda "Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini," maka jawab mantri pelan duk itu "Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya patek," maka di-b[)e]ri-lah uleh raja p[)a]rentah akan mantri itu. LESSON XXVI. Go and complain at the police-station-- _Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (OR rumah pasong_). He has been arrested-- _Dia sudah k[)e]na tangkap._ He has been locked up-- _Dia sudah k[)e]na tutop._ What is his offence?-- _Apa ka-salah-an-nia?_ What do they charge him with?-- _Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?_ For how many days has he been detained?-- _Sudah b[)e]r-apa, hari dia k[)e]na tahan?_ This is not his first offence-- _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._ Do you know him?-- _Tuan kenal-kah dia?_ No, I see him now for the first time-- _Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat._ People say that he is a great opium-smoker-- _Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu._ He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night-- _Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam._ He was not alone; there were several others with him-- _Bukan dia sa'orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia._ They were all Malays-- _Melayu belaka[41] ka-sumua-nia._ He was not the principal, but an accomplice-- _Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama._ Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments-- _Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas._ He used abusive and improper language-- _Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta'patut._ What is the name of the defendant?-- _Siapa nama yang k[)e]na adu itu?_ What the prosecutor says is quite right-- _Benar juga saperti kata adu-an._ [Footnote 41: _Belaka_ (entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, "it must be said," "I should say," "let me add," "you must know." _Ka-sumua-nia_, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed from _sumua_, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as, _ka-dua-nia_, both of them.] EXERCISE. Maka mantri pelandu[k.] itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, "handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini," maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-s[)e]ru-s[)e]ru-lah pelandu[k.] itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia "ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?" maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia "Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau meny[)e]ru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab[42] ini siapa-kah angkau ini?" [Footnote 42: _Be-adab_, "unmannerly," a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particle _be-_ to the noun _adab_. Malays also borrow from the same source the word _be-hosh_, "stupified," generally mispronounced by them _bi-us_.] LESSON XXVII. On what day will the case be commenced?-- _Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?_ So-and-so got up and gave evidence.-- _Ber-diri si-anu jadi sa[k.]si._ Bail was refused-- _Tiada di-b[)e]ri jamin._[43] Have you any one who will go bail for you?-- _Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?_ This is the surety-- _Ini-lah aku-an._ I will give bail for any amount-- _B[)e]r-apa b[)e]rat sakali-pun hamba tuan b[)e]rani tanggong._ Is this a man of property?-- _Orang ber-harta-kah ini?_ One surety is not enough; there must be two at least-- _Sa'orang aku ta'jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang._ Sign at this place-- _Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan._ Do you know how to write?-- _Tahu-kah menyurat?_ If you cannot write, make a mark-- _Jikalau ta'tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan._ That will do; you can go now-- _Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu._ What do you call this in Malay?-- _Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?_ He has done it in the English fashion-- _Dia sudah buat chara Inggris._ Speak loud, and let people hear you-- _Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar._ He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down-- _Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak r[)e]bah ka-bawah._ His face grew very pale-- _Puchat sakali muka-nia._ His statement is incoherent-- _Ta'tuntu per-kata-an-nia._ He fell at his master's feet and asked for pardon-- _Dia meny[)a]mbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun._ His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him-- _Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-b[)e]ri-nia ma`af._ [Footnote 43: _Jamin_, "bail," a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani _zamin_.] EXERCISE. Maka jawab pelanduk "Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang men[)e]rang-kan sagala `alam dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan" maka jawab raja gajah itu "apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu" maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya meny[)a]mbah bulan seraya kata-nia "adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu dengan be-b[)e]r-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan hamba mem-b[)e]ri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini memb[)e]ri tahu tuanku sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra"----. LESSON XXVIII. In which direction had we better go?-- _Sa-b[)e]lah mana baik kita pergi?_ There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields-- _Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik._ He has a double-barrelled gun-- _Dia punya snapang dua laras._ Both barrels are loaded-- _Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia._ You use very small shot-- _Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali._ He is a very good shot-- _Dia pandei sakali menembak burong._ He killed two birds at one shot-- _Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong._ Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away-- _Belam s[)a]mpat d[)e]kat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua._ Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket-- _Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat k[)e]lak._ One of its wings is broken.-- _Patah-lah sayap sa-b[)e]lah._ It is not hit-- _Ta'k[)e]na._ It is wounded slightly-- _K[)e]na juga sadikit._ It has settled on the ground-- _Sudah hinggap di tanah._ It has perched on a cocoanut tree-- _Sudah hinggap di pokok nior._ Don't speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make a noise?-- _Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar macham mana handak d[)e]kat._ The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped-- _K[)e]na peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang._ Have you ever shot a tiger?-- _Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?_ How many birds have you got?-- _Tuan sudah buleh b[)e]r-apa ekor burong?_ EXERCISE. "Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa segra-lah tuanku bali[k.] sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-buju[k.] raja bulan dan mem-bai[k.]-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-k[)e]ring-an apa sebab-nia kulam[44] ini bania[k.] ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya masi." Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala per-kata-an p[)e]landu[k.] itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil meny[)a]mbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan dahaga-nia. Damikian handa[k.]-nia orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-an ada-nia. [Footnote 44: _Kulam_, Tamil, a tank.] LESSON XXIX. Is the tide making or ebbing?-- _Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?_ Is the boat ready?-- _Prahu ada siap-kah?_ How many people will this boat carry?-- _B[)e]r-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?_ Ten persons, including two rowers-- _Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang._ There is a head-wind; we cannot sail-- _Angin muka ta'buleh ber-laiar._ Row hard-- _Dayong-lah kuat-kuat._ When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and rest-- _Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat._ Who is steering?-- _Siapa pegang kamudi?_ If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream poles are required-- _Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah._ What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?-- _Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?_ The Chinese _sampan_ is called _sampan kotak_ in Singapore-- _Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura "Sampan kotak."_ Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?-- _Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?_ Steer straight for that point-- _Tuju betul ka tanjong itu._ I shall go on shore at the landing-place-- _Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan._ Give me the line and let us fish a little-- _Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap._ Have you got any bait?-- _Umpan ada-kah?_ If we have any luck we may catch some big fish-- _Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar._ The spines of that fish are very poisonous-- _Duri ikan itu bisa sakali._ EXERCISE. Ada kapada suatu hari sa'orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa'ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa'ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu. LESSON XXX. He is not yet dressed-- _Dia b[)e]lum pakei kain lagi._ He is dressed like a Malay-- _Dia pakei chara Malayu._ Wake me to-morrow morning at six o'clock-- _G[)e]rak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi._ I want to get up early-- _Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang._ He did not do it on purpose-- _Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja._ I was only in play-- _Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja._ I was very sorry that I could not accompany you-- _Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta`buleh ber-sama-sama._ What are the contents of that letter?-- _Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?_ Do you understand the pith of it?-- _Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?_ Has any one been here to look for me?-- _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_ Ask that woman where the well is-- _Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga._ Is this good water?-- _Baik-kah ayer ini?_ It is excellent water, both clear and cool-- _Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk._ Can we get a green cocoanut here?-- _Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?_ There is no one who can climb (the tree)-- _T'ada orang yang tahu panjat._ Let me climb it-- _Biar aku memanjat._ Have you brought cooking-utensils?-- _Priuk b[)e]langa sudah bawa-kah?_ These sticks are damp and will not burn-- _Basah kayu ini ta'mahu menyala._ Grind the spices-- _Giling rampah-rampah._ Will you smoke?-- _Tuan mahu minum rokok?_ I am sleepy, and shall go to bed-- _Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor._ Did you call me?-- _Tuan panggil-kah?_ EXERCISE. Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa'ekor srigala maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata "bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi" serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita terlalu tema`a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia. PART IV. To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are apt to fall. First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by brevity. Why say _kasih sama sahaya_ (lit. "give to me"), in imitation of the English _give me_, or the French _donnez-moi_, or the German _geben sie mir_, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would simply say _bahagi-lah_, give, or _bawa_, bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase, _sama sahaya_, or _sama kita_, is a bad habit, which arises from a natural desire to give the word "me" its due value in Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary. EXAMPLES. Tell me; don't be afraid-- _Bilang-lah, jangan takut_; not, _bilang sama sahaya_, &c. What are you going to give us?-- _Apa mahu bahagi?_ not, _apa mahu bahagi sama kita?_ How much must I pay you?-- _B[)e]r-apa nanti k[)e]na bayar?_ not, _b[)e]r-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?_ I want him to make me a jacket-- _Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju_; not, _sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya._ Can you make me a table?-- _Buleh-kah buat meja?_ not, _buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya._ Afterwards come and tell me-- _Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan_; not, _mari bilang sama sahaya._ In direct narration the personal pronoun "I" should often be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently with "I think," "I hear," "I hope," "I wish," and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with "_Sahaya fikir_," "_Sahaya dengar khabar_," &c. These, though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. _Rasa-nia_, the feeling is, _agak-nia_, the guess is, _rupa-nia_, the appearance is (it seems), _khabar-nia_, the report is, and similar phrases, should often take their place. EXAMPLES. INSTEAD OF-- I am told, or people tell me, _Orang bilang sama sahaya_; SAY, People say, _Kata orang_. INSTEAD OF-- I hear that he is coming here, _Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini_; SAY, He is coming here, the report goes, _Dia handak kamari khabar-nia_. INSTEAD OF-- I think there are five quarts, _Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah_; SAY, There are five quarts, the estimate is, _Ada lima chupah agak-nia_. INSTEAD OF-- I think it is going to rain, _Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan_; SAY, It is going to rain, it seems, _Hari handak hujan rupa-nia_. INSTEAD OF-- I like driving better than walking, _Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki_; SAY, It is better to drive than to walk, _Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan_. Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following sentences:-- I was very glad to hear it-- _Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar._ I very much wish to go to Meccah-- _Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah._ I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it-- _Handak t[)e]rima salah, handak pulang-kan malu._ I was disappointed-- _Putus-lah harap sahaya._ I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided-- _Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra._ I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out-- _Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana b[)e]rat sakali-pun handak tahan juga._ Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which the word "you" occurs. So much has been said on this subject already (_supra_, _pp._ 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of _angkau_ is far too frequent. As you like-- _Mana suka-lah._ As you may think best-- _Mana elok kapada hati sendiri._ You can go-- _Buleh pulang._ I have nothing more to ask you-- _T'ada apa lagi handak tanya._ Where have you been?-- _Pergi ka-mana tadi?_ If you do so another time you will certainly be punished-- _Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum._ Do you want employment?-- _Handak minta karja-kah?_ Can you wait at table?-- _Tahu-kah jaga meja?_ What are you doing?-- _Apa buat?_ You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured-- _Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia._ Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, "You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing," the Malay says, "What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly it would be well." EXAMPLES. Are you deaf? Can't you hear what I say to you?-- _Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t'ada dengar-kah?_ (_Lit._ Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?) How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!-- _Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia!_ (_Lit._ Oh, this boy! Isn't he slow?) How slowly you are rowing! Can't you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!-- _Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh d[)e]ras. D[)e]ras-lah sadikit._ (_Lit._ Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!) You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning-- _Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat_. (_Lit._ This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.) What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil-- _Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak._ Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible by using _pukul_, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode of striking. The following lists will illustrate this caution:-- 1. _Pukul_, to strike, beat. _Gasak_, to beat, flog, punish. _Hentam_, to strike, attack, throw. _Balun_, to beat, thrash, drub. _Palu_, to beat, hammer, knock. _K[)e]tok_, to knock, tap, rap. _Godam_, to thrash, hammer. _Lantak_, to nail, to drive in. _Tinju-kan_, to box, strike with the fist. _Tumbuk_, to pound, strike with the fist. _B[)e]dal_, to switch. _Sakal_, and _sakai_, to strike. _Tampar_, and _tampiling_, to slap. _Tepuk_, to pat. 2. _Chuchuk_, to thrust, poke. _Merusuk_, to thrust, poke, pierce. _Radak_ or _rodok_, to pierce with a spear. _Juluk_, to thrust upwards. _Tikam_, to thrust, pierce, stab. _Sigi_, to poke with the finger. _Merunjang_, to lower a spear at the charge. 3. _Angkat_, to lift, carry off, remove. _Pikul_, to carry on the back, to carry a load. _Kandar_, to carry on a stick over the shoulder. _Bibit_, to carry with the fingers. _Junjong_, to carry on the head. _Tanggong_, to bear, carry, support. _Gendong_, to carry slung in a bundle. _Usong_, to carry in a litter. _Julang_, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted. _Bawa_, to carry, convey, bring. _Dukong_, to carry on the back or hip. _Kepit_, to carry under the arm. _Jinjing_, to carry in the arms or hands. _Galas_, to carry slung over the back or shoulder. _Kilik_, to carry under the arm. _Bebat_, to carry in the girdle. _Tatang_, to carry on the palms of the hands. _Kandong_, to carry at the waist. 4. _Jatoh_, to fall, drop. _Gugur_, to drop off, fall, miscarry. _Tumbang_, to fall, tumble down. _Reban_, to fall in, give way, tumble down. _Runtoh_, to come down, to fall. _Luroh_, to drop off, fall (as fruit). _Titek_, to drop, distil (as water). _R[)e]bah_,[1] to tumble, fall. _Timpa_, to fall against. _Chichir_, to drop, to spill. _Tumpah_, to spill. [Footnote 1: Also _ribah_ and _rubuh_.] 5. _Buang_, to throw away. _Lotar_ or _lontar_, to hurl, fling. _Lempar_, to throw, fling. _Humban_, to throw down, cast away. _Champak_, to throw down, cast away. _Baling_, to throw, fling. _Lanting_, to throw, cast, propel. 6. _Lihat_, to see. _Pandang_, to look, to look at. _Kelih_, to see. _Nampa_, to see, perceive. _Intei_, to peep, spy, observe. _Petiak_, to notice, observe. _Tulih_, to look, glance. _Tengok_, to see. _Jingok_, to peep, look out. _Tengadah_, to look up. _Tampak_, to see, perceive. _Per-hati-kan_, to perceive, notice, take notice of. _Tentang_, to regard. 7. _Chakap_, to speak. _Bilang_, to tell. _Khabar-kan_, to tell, inform. _Ber-mulut_, to speak, utter. _Sabda_, to say, command. _Cheritra-kan_, to relate. _Meripit_, to chatter, gabble. _Mengomong_, to chat, gossip. _Kata_, to say, speak, talk. _Tutur_, to talk, tell, converse. _S[)e]but_, to tell, mention. _Uchap_, to utter, express. _Titah_, to say, command (as a raja). _Merongut_, to mutter. _Ber-bual_, to chat. _Ber-sungut_, to grumble, to murmur. Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the prefix _di-_. Easy examples of this have been given occasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages 107 and 108 contain abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca. "He did not, or would not, accept it," would be vulgarly rendered _dia ta' mahu t[)e]rima_; but it may be more elegantly translated _tiada-lah di-t[)e]rima-nia_, "It was not accepted by him." Here the affix _-nia_ has the force of "by him," and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p. 61. EXAMPLES. He ordered (it was ordered by him)-- _Di-suroh-nia._ He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)-- _Di-tangkap-nia penchuri._ They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far-- _Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-b[)e]ri me-larat panjang api itu._ The rats ate up three candles-- _Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus._ They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready-- _Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia._ The boat was leaky and the water got in-- _Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia._ He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out-- _Di-b[)e]ri pakei sahaja bukan di-b[)e]ri-nia langsong._ He said that it was too late to send an answer-- _Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia._ He asked for information about the house that is being built-- _Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu._ When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment-- _Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia._ God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible-- _Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta`ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat._ The people of the village feasted abundantly-- _Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu._ Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by the particle _ber-_ (_be-_, _bel-_), and that which is caused by prefixing _me-_ (_mem-_, _meng-_, _men-_, and _meny-_); see _supra_, p. 55. When the former is employed, the verb describes _a state or condition_, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing _an action_. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as "to weep," may be viewed in two ways--either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by _ber-tangis_ and the latter by _menangis_, but practically the distinction is not great. So _memakei_ (_pakei_), to wear, _merajuk_, to sulk, _menanti_, to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding that they have the particle _me-_; but this is explained by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action, _memakei_ meaning to put on, _merajuk_, to show temper, and _menanti_, to await somebody or something. The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down above:-- Primitive. Derivative with _ber-_. Derivative with _me-_. _angkat_, to lift. _ber-angkat_, to arise. _meng-angkat_, to lift. _alih_, to change. _ber-alih_, to undergo change. _meng-alih_, to change. _balik_, behind, back. _ber-balik_, to turn (_intrans_.) _mem-balik_, to turn, return (_trans_.) _diri_, self, being. _ber-diri_, to stand up. _men-diri-kan_, to cause to stand, to establish. _ganti_, instead of. _ber-ganti_, to take the place of. _meng-ganti_, to put in the place of. _habis_, finished. _ber-habis_, to be finished. _meng-habis_, to finish, to complete. _igau_, delirium. _ber-igau_, to be delirious. _meng-igau_, to rave. _ikat_, tie, bond. _ber-ikat_, to be fastened. _meng-ikat_, to tie, fasten. _ingat_, memory, to remember. _ber-ingat_, to be sensible of. _meng-ingat_, to call to mind, remember. _jaga_, to watch, guard. _ber-jaga_, to be on watch. _menjaga_, to watch, to guard. _keliling_, around. _ber-keliling_, to border, surround. _mengeliling_, to hem in, to go round. _karja_, work. _ber-karja_, to be a workman. _mengarja-kan_, to work, effect, accomplish. _lepas_, loosed. _ber-lepas_, to be free. _melepas_, to set free. _lambat_, slow. _ber-lambat_, to be slow. _me-lambat_, to retard. _labuh_, to lower, drop. _ber-labuh_, to be at anchor. _me-labuh_, to let fall, to anchor. _naung_, shade. _ber-naung_, to be sheltered. _me-naung-i_, to shelter, to shade, protect. _pegang_, to hold. _ber-pegang_, to hold. _memegang_, to take hold of, to seize. _rugi_, loss. _be-rugi_, to suffer loss. _me-rugi-kan_, to cause loss. _sembunyi_, to hide. _ber-sembunyi_, to be concealed. _menyembunyi_, to hide, conceal. _takut_, afraid, fear. _ber-takut_, to be afraid. _menyakut-kan_, to frighten. _ubah_, change, to change. _ber-ubah_, to undergo change. _meng-ubah_, to change, to alter. Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hindustani phrase,[2] are numerous in Malay and vary in different localities. _Anu_, _bahasa-nia_, _misal[3]-nia_, and _kata-kan_ are some of those commonly used. [Footnote 2: The Hindustani term is _sukhan-takya_, from _sukhan_, a word, and _takya_ a pillow.] [Footnote 3: Corresponding with the Hindustani _maslan_, which is used in a similar way.] Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:-- _Na'_ for _handak_; _sikit_ for _sadikit_; _auat_ for _apa-buat?_ why?; _ta'_ and _t'ada_ for _tiada_; _pi_ and _p[)e]gi_ (in Patani _gi_) for _pergi_. LESSON XXXI. PHRASES OF POLITENESS. Be pleased to ----.-- _Sila_, _sila-lah_, or _sila-kan-lah._ Please come into the house-- _Sila-kan naik atas rumah._ Be pleased to sit down on a chair-- _Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi._ My house is not what it should be-- _Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia._ Treat it as your own house; don't stand upon ceremony-- _Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu._ I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)-- _Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu._ Pray do as you wish; take care as you go-- _Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik._ I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home-- _Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik._ Very well (it does not matter)-- _Ta' apa-lah._ I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)-- _Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu._ Very well-- _Baik-lah._ Pray come and see me often; don't hesitate-- _Mari-lah k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan._ I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house-- _Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya._ May your journey be safe-- _Salamat jalan._ May you remain in peace-- _Salamat tinggal._ There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment-- _Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk._ I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)-- _Sahaya baniak t[)e]rima kasih_, or, simply, _t[)e]rima kasih._ Are you well?-- _Tuan ada baik?_ How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?-- _Apa khabar si-polan[4] yang sakit kalmarin itu?_ He has quite recovered his former health-- _Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama._ Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness-- _Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam._ [Footnote 4: _Polan_, or _fulan_, such a one, probably from the Hindustani _fulana_, a word of Arab derivation.] EXERCISE. It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long do you intend to stay? Don't be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient. LESSON XXXII. READING AND WRITING. Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.-- _Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali._ It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right-- _Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan._ The letters employed are the Arabic letters-- _Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf `Arab._ What do you call that in Malay?-- _Orang Malayu apa kata ini?_ What is the name of this object in Malay?-- _Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?_ The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states-- _Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat._ His pronunciation is not good-- _Chakap-nia ta' terus_, or _dia chakap pelet_, or _télor._ The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say _apé_ for _apa_-- _Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata APA di-kata-nia APÉ_. How do you spell that word?-- _Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?_ This word is not correctly spelt-- _Per-kata-an ini ta' betul eja-nia._ You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be able to read fluently-- _Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar._ Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?-- _Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta' mahu bahagi habis, buat sa' k[)e]rat-k[)e]rat sahaja?_ My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran-- _Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran._ When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar-- _Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu._ He chants the Koran very well-- _Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran._ EXERCISE. I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good. LESSON XXXIII. HOUSEKEEPING. There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself-- _T' ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja._ Tell the cook that last night's dinner was not at all good-- _Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta' baik sakali masak-nia._ What he put into the soup I don't know, but it had a nasty taste-- _Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta' tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja._ The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it-- _Nasi pun hangus ta' lalu (OR buleh) orang makan._ What is the price of fowls at the market?-- _Hayam b[)e]r-apa harga di pasar?_ Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight-- _Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa' ekor, hayam kambiri (OR kasi) ikut timbang-an kati._ The milk-man has not come yet-- _B[)e]lum orang bawa susu lagi._ Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked-- _Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum s[)a]mpat di-masak lagi sudah bus[)u]k._ Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o'clock punctually, there must be no delay-- _Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta' buleh lambat lagi._ Pour this oil into a jar-- _Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan._ Take care not to spill it-- _Baik-baik jangan tumpah._ Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?-- _Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, b[)e]langa, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?_ The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill-- _Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa._ I am tired of poultry-- _Sahaya sudah j[)e]mu makan daging hayam itek._ EXERCISE. Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave? LESSON XXXIV. PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE. I am going away to ---- on Friday next-- _Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma`at yang datang ini._ Pack up enough clothes for a few days-- _Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia._ You need not take so many; I am not going for good-- _Ta'payah bagitu baniak, ta'kan orang handak pergi langsong._ Put all these clothes into a box-- _Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti._ Will this go in?-- _Chelus-kah ini._ No; it is too big-- _Ta'chelus, besar sangat._ Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks-- _Saputangan barang tiga ampat 'lei, sarong kaki dua pasang._ Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one-- _Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring._ Unfasten this cord-- _Rangkei tali ini._ Roll up that rug-- _Gulong kain panas itu._ Have everything taken down to the boat-- _Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua._ Put them into the bullock-cart-- _Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu_. Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away-- _Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat._ We will stop to-night at Kampong--which is the usual halting-place-- _Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong--itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an deri salama-lama._ Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get wet-- _Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-g[)e]tah jangan di-kena basah._ Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it-- _Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa di-dalam-nia._ Put everything away again-- _Simpan kambali sumua._ What else is there (to detain us)?-- _Apa lagi kita?_ EXERCISE. Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours, no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen, for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great difference between these two things. LESSON XXXV. ORDINARY NARRATIVE STYLE. On the 5th inst., at three o'clock on Thursday morning-- _Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam[5] Khamis._ On Tuesday last about mid-day-- _Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari._ I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar-- _Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok._ So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill-- _Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit sangat._ I said, "Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go with you"-- _Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama._ There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law-- _Ada-lah sa'orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia._ All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves without the knowledge of the inmates of the house-- _Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang rumah sedar._ Search was made everywhere without success-- _Di-chahari rata t'ada juga di-dapat-nia._ While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the jungle-- _Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa' biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan._ After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without stopping anywhere-- _Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t'ada singgah di-mana-mana._ After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle-- _Sudah-lah bagitu b[)e]r-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan._ At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went home to bed-- _Kemdian sa' orang pun t'ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor._ It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant of it-- _Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta' tahu._ [Footnote 5: Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is classed with the day which _follows_ it. Thursday night, therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning.] EXERCISE. On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a boat and went on board the steamer. They were not permitted to land. I was just getting ready to return when your messenger arrived. We left before daylight in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can we go there and back in a day? All the men who were with me were very tired. I said, "Very well, come to my house to-morrow morning at six o'clock." He seemed to be very weak, and walked with difficulty. LESSON XXXVI. BUYING AND SELLING. How much did you give for this?-- _B[)e]r-apa tuan b[)e]li ini?_ What is the balance remaining?-- _Tinggal ba[k.]i-nia b[)e]r-apa?_ Don't ask too much; say exactly what you want-- _Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul._ I can't take that; it would not even cover my outlay-- _Ta' buleh-lah tuan, ta' pulang modal sahaya._ He paid an exorbitant price for it-- _Dia b[)e]li dengan harga mahal ter-lampau._ What is it worth?-- _B[)e]r-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?_ Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you-- _B[)e]r-apa-apa harga yang angkau b[)e]li itu nanti sahaya bayar-kan._ Have you no curiosities in your shop?-- _T'ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?_ I bought this article at auction-- _Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam 'lelong._ I did not venture to bid more-- _Ta' b[)e]rani sahaya tawar lebeh._ I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece-- _Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu._ You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit-- _Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta' mahu dia mem-b[)e]ri hutang._ He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with it-- _Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta' mahu juga dia lepas-kan._ As long as it is a good article, I don't mind about the price-- _Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta' sayang pasal harga-nia._ Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it-- _P[)a]re[k.]sa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa._ Gutta-percha sells very well just now-- _G[)e]tah baniak laku sakarang._ This coin is not current here-- _Wang ini ta' laku di-sini._ Write down all the items and let me know what the total is-- _Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan b[)e]r-apa j[)e]mlah-nia._ There are ten dollars for you-- _Nah! sa-puloh ringgit._ This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality or beauty of colour-- _Ta' lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia._ It is both strong and thick-- _Kukuh lagi tebal._ This colour does not fade-- _Ta' turun warna ini._ EXERCISE. How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don't be uneasy; you can trust this man. LESSON XXXVII. BUILDING. When will your new house be finished?-- _Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah?_ Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together-- _Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an._ The floor and walls will be of plank-- _Lantei papan dinding pun papan._ There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor-- _Sa-b[)e]lah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul._ The front door has steps (in front of it)-- _Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga._ The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty feet, including the verandah-- _Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki._ The servants' houses have _atap_ walls covered with _samir_ or _kajang_ matting-- _Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang._ This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly-- _Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti r[)e]put._ These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible-- _Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali._ Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.-- _Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak, rasuk, g[)e]l[)e]gar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia._ Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate-- _Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang._ Those door-posts are not straight-- _Ta' betul jinang paha pintu itu._ I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over-- _Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga di-atas-nia._ In how many days will you thatch it?-- _B[)e]r-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap?_ Three thousand _ataps_ will not be enough-- _Ta' chukup-lah tiga ribu atap._ EXERCISE. In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be this single question only:-- "Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu?" Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:-- "Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater." LESSON XXXVIII. SEWING. I want two or three jackets made-- _Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga 'lei._ I don't mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is well done-- _Biar lambat sadikit karja ta'apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia._ If it is not well done I will not take it-- _Jikalau ta'elok sahaya ta'mahu t[)e]rima._ Join these two pieces and sew them-- _Dua 'lei ini kampuh-lah jahit._ Tack it first and then sew it-- _Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit._ Fell the seams close-- _K[)e]lim tulang halus-halus._ Don't let them ravel-- _Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang._ When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that when it is washed the threads will not ravel-- _Kalau k[)e]lim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar._ Stitch the wristband-- _Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia._ Hem the border-- _Tepi itu lipat jahit._ To make the seam strong, don't run it, but sew it over-- _Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja._ Take those torn stockings and darn them-- _Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit._ That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it-- _Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta'buleh k[)e]na tampong-lah._ To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)-- _Tarik benang bahagi kerudut._ Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you take one. Cannot you sew closer?-- _Ken'apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap?_ Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton-- _Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh sa'kotak._ EXERCISE. It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day, when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a rattan. When questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision, the Kazi said, "This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill my inkstand; this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to the task. Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the wife of a peasant know of inkstands?" All praised the Kazi for his wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide. LESSON XXXIX. SICKNESS. I am not at all well-- _Ta' sedap badan sahaya._ For five or six days he has been unable to eat-- _Sudah lima anam hari dia ta'buleh makan nasi._ What is the matter with him?-- _Apa sakit-nia?_ His father has taken him into the country for treatment-- _Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat._ He is a little better-- _Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia._ When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would not recover-- _Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir tiada buleh baik._ I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak-- _Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia perlahan sahaja._ Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up-- _Sa-b[)e]lah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta'lalu bangket._ Open your mouth and put out your tongue-- _Nganga hulur lidak._ You had better take a purgative-- _Baik makan penchahar._ Let me feel his pulse-- _Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia._ He is suffering from fever-- _Dia sakit demam panas._ He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints-- _Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua._ I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his body every day till he is well-- _Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu._ Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it-- _Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu minum._ If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their homes-- _Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis ra`iyat sumua._ The fever called _kapialu_ is very dangerous and often ends fatally-- _Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat k[)e]rap juga bawa niawa._ Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded-- _Ta`un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali._ EXERCISE. Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman `aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia maka `ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, "Hei, mahkota, karana apa angkau tiada jadi betul?" Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta`ala menyahut. "Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi betul."[6] [Footnote 6: This and the following exercise are extracts from the _Taj-assalatin_.] LESSON XL. TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.[7] In that gentleman's house one piece of matting covers a whole room-- _Rumah tuan itu sa'BIDANG tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek._ They found in the hut five spears, one long _kris_, and nine muskets-- _Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima BATANG, kris panjang sa-BILAH dengan snapang sembilan PUCHUK._ See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?-- _Chahari-lah telor t[)e]rubuk dua puloh lima KAMPUH. B[)e]r-apa harga-nia sa-KAMPUH?_ She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway-- _Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-LABUH di muka pintu._ That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows-- _Di-dalam sa-TANDAN pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat._ I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax-- _Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu b[)e]li lilin sa-puloh TAMPANG._ The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck-- _Budak itu ada pakei sa-LABUH merjan di leher-nia._ How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?-- _Sa-KAYU kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?_[8] How many _ataps_ can one person make in a day?-- _Satu orang b[)e]r-apa MENGKAWAN buleh semat atap pada sa'hari?_ The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of lemon-grass plants-- _Sudah di-makan kerbau t[)e]bu anam RUMPUN dengan serei ta'tuntu baniak RUMPUN-nia._ He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house-- _Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan PERDU._ It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets-- _Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus KAJANG kartas._ I have bought a casting-net to take home with me-- _Sahaya sudah b[)e]li jala sa'UTAS (OR sa'RAWAN) handak bawa pulang ka tampat sahaya._ He tied three threads round his stomach-- _Di-ikat-nia tiga URAT benang di p[)e]rut-nia._ Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red flower-- _Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga KUTUM dengan bunga merah itu barang sa-puloh TANGKEI._ [Footnote 7: See _supra_, p. 70.] [Footnote 8: _Ela_, yard, from the Dutch _el_.] EXERCISE. Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia "apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?" maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda "chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta" maka sembah Hakim itu "Benar-lah bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi ka-raja-an dunia ini ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu" maka suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik itu. APPENDIX TO PART IV. MUHAMMADAN MONTHS. 1. _Muharram._ 2. _Safar._ 3. _Rabia-el-awal._ 4. _Rabia-el-akhir._ 5. _Jumad-el-awal._ 6. _Jumad-el-akhir._ 7. _Rejab._ 8. _Sha`aban._ 9. _Ramazan._ 10. _Shawal._ 11. _Zu'l-ka`adah._ 12. _Zu'l-hajah._ DAYS OF THE WEEK. Sunday, _Ahad_, lit. "the first." Monday, _Isnein_ or _Senein_, lit. "the second." Tuesday, _Salasa_, lit. "the third." Wednesday, _Arba`ah_ or _Rabu_, lit. "the fourth." Thursday, _Khamis_, lit. "the fifth." Friday, _Juma`at_, lit. "the congregation." Saturday, _Sabtu_, lit. "Sabbath." PERIODS OF PRAYER. 1. _Maghrib_, a few minutes after sunset. 2. _`Isha_, evening, after dark. 3. _Subh_, daybreak. 4. _Lohor_, or _Dlu[h.]r_, between noon and 1 P.M. 5. _Asr_, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall. MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME. 1. _Belum terbang lalat_, "Before the flies are astir," just before daybreak. 2. _Pechah panas_, "When the heat commences," sun-up. 3. _K[)e]ring ambun_, "When the dew dries," about 8 A.M. 4. _Tengah naik_, "When the sun is half-way," 9 A.M. 5. _Tulih tenggala_, "When the plough is idle."[1] 6. _Tengah hari t[)e]pat_, "Mid-day exactly," noon. 7. _Rambang_, "Right in the middle" (_i.e._ the sun in the sky), noon. 8. _Buntar membayang_, "When the shadows are round" (_i.e._, when your shadow is round your feet), noon. 9. _Ber-alis hari_, "When the day changes," afternoon. 10. _Lepas ba`adah_, and _lepas ba`adah salah_, "After (Friday's) prayers (in the mosque)," about 1.30 P.M. 11. _Turun kerbau be-rendam_, "When the buffaloes go down to the water," about 5 P.M. 12. _Jind[)e]ra budak_, "When the children have gone to sleep," about 10 P.M. [Footnote 1: _Tulih tinggala muda_ is about 9 A.M., and _tulih tinggala tuah_ about 11 A.M.] MALAY PROPER NAMES. The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, "Muhammad" is shortened to "Mat," "Ibrahim" becomes "Brahim" and "Him," and for "Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often heard. Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly used, "_Long_," "_Ngah_," and "_Busuk_:"-- _Long_ is equivalent to _Sulong_, "eldest," _Ngah_ is equivalent to _Tengah_, "middle," _Busuk_ is equivalent to _Bongsu_, "youngest." In Perak seven of these names are in use:-- 1. _Long._ 2. _Ngah._ 3. _Alang._ 4. _Panjang._ 5. _Pandah._ 6. _Uda._ 7. _Utih._ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 16 _tahil_, 1 _kati_.[2] 100 _kati_, 1 _pikul_. 3 _pikul_, 1 _bahara_. 40 _pikul_, 1 _koyan_. [Footnote 2: 1 _kati_ = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.] GOLDSMITH'S WEIGHT. 12 _saga_, 1 _mayam_. 16 _mayam_, 1 _bungkal_.[3] 12 _bungkal_, 1 _kati_. [Footnote 3: 1 _bungkal_ = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains.] CAPACITY. 4 _chupak_, 1 _gantang_.[4] 10 _gantang_, 1 _parah_. 16 _gantang_, 1 _nalih_. 160 _gantang_, 1 _kunchah_. 5 _kunchah_ or 800 _gantang_ 1 _koyan_. [Footnote 4: 1 _gantang_ contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼ gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.] LINEAR. 2 _jingkal_ (span), 1 _hasta_ (cubit). 2 _hasta_, 1 _ela_ (yard). 4 _hasta_, 1 _d[)e]pa_ (fathom). 2 _d[)e]pa_, 1 _jumba_. 20 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_ (80 yards). SQUARE MEASURE. 400 _jumba_, 1 _orlong_. The _jumba_ is equal to 144 square feet; the _orlong_ is equal to 6400 square feet, or about 1-1/3 acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches). MONEY. The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (_ringgit_ or _real_) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is called _suku_ (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penang, _kupang_ (= 10 cents), and in Malacca, _wang baharu_ (= 2½ cents). In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed. The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:-- TIN COINAGE. 2 _boya_, 1 _tampang_ (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5] 5 _boya_, 1 _bidor_ (value the 4th part of a dollar). [Footnote 5: The weight of the _tampang_ (in Perak) was one _kati_. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The _bidor_ weighed 2½ _kati_, or the 40th part of a _pikul_.] SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD. 2 _penjuru_, 1 _piah_, weight 1 _mayam_. 4 _piah_, 1 _jampal_, weight 4 _mayam_. 2 _jampal_, 1 _real_, weight 8 _mayam_. COINS FORMERLY IN USE. 36 _duit hayam_ (copper), 1 _wang_ (silver). 7 _wang_, 1 _suku_. PART V. VOCABULARY. A. Abandon, to, _meninggal-kan_. Abase, to, _me-rendah-kan_, _meng-hina-kan_. Able, _larat_, _s[)a]mpat_, _buleh_, _lalu_. Abscess, _barah_. Abuse, to, _maki_, _me-maki_. Accept, to, _t[)e]rima_, _men[)e]rima_. Accompany, to, _ber-serta_, _ber-sama_, _ber-kawan_, _ber-t[)e]man_, _menyerta_. Accomplish, to, _habis-kan_, _meng-habis-kan_, _menyampei-kan_, _sudah-kan_, _menyudah-kan_, _sampei hajat_. Accost, to, _tegor_, _siapa-kan_, _meny-apa-kan_. Accounts, _kira-kira_, _hitong-an_, _ bilang-an_. Accuse, to, _tudoh_. Accustomed, _biasa_. Ache, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _senak_. Acknowledge, to, _aku_, _mengaku_. Acquire, to, _ber-uleh_, _dapat_, _men-dapat_. Act, _buat-an_, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_. Active, _ch[)e]pat_. Add, to, _tambah_, _menambah_; (to cast up), _jumlah-kan_. Adjourn, to, _tangguh_. Admirable, _endah_. Admire, _chengang_. Adopt, to, _angkat_. Adrift, _ter-hanyut_. Adultery, _zinah_. Advantage, _faidah_, _laba_. Adversity, _chelaka_, _bala_, _ka-susahan_. Advice, _peng-ajar-an_. Affair, _perkara_. Affection, _kasih_, _kasih-an_. Afraid, _takut_. Aft, _di burit-an_. After, _l[)e]pas_, _b[)e]lakang_. Afterwards, _kemdian_, _ba`ad_. After-birth, _uri_, _tembuni_. Again, _lagi-sakali_, _pula_, _kambali_. Age, _`umur_. Agent, _wakil_. Ago, _sudah_. Agree, _janji_, _mufakat_, _sa-tuju_; (suit), _rasi_, _sarasi_. Ague, _demam-kura_. Ahead, _di-hadap-an_, _di-muka_, _di-halu-an_. Aid, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_. Aim, to, _tembak_, _menembak_, _tuju_, _menuju_. Air, _hawa_. Alarmed, _ter-k[)e]jut_. Alight, _hinggap_. All, _sumua_, _sagala_, _sakali-an_. Allow, _biar_, _b[)e]ri_, _kasih_. Allure, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_. Almighty, _maha-kuasa_. Almost, _hampir_, _d[)e]kat_, _niaris_. Almond, _badam_. Alms, _darma_, _s[)a]d[)a]kah_. Aloes-wood, _gaharu_, _kayu-gaharu_. Alone, _sa-orang_, _bujang_, _tunggal_. Also, _juga_. Alter, to, _ubah_, _meng-ubah_, _tukar_, _menukar_. Alum, _tawas_. Always, _sa-lalu_, _sa-nantiasa_, _sa-lama-lama-nia_. Ambassador, _utusan_, _p[)e]suroh_. Amid, _di-dalam_, _di-tengah_. Amuse oneself, to, _main_, _main-main_, _ber-main_. Ancestors, _nenek-moyang_. Anchor, an, _sauh_; (anchor, to), _ber-labuh_. Angel, _malaikat_. Anger, _marah_, _ka-marah-an_, _murka_. Angry, _marah_, _murka_, _g[)e]ram_, _hangat-hati_. Animal, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_. Ankle, _mata-kaki_, _peng-g[)e]lang-kaki_. Anklet, _g[)e]lang-kaki_. Annoy, to, _usik_, _meng-usik_, _bising_. Another, _lain_. Answer, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _jawab_, _balas jawab_. Ant, _s[)e]mut_; (large red), _k[)e]rangga_; (white), _anei-anei_. Anthill, _pongsu_, _busut_. Antidote, _p[)e]nawar_. Anvil, _landas_, _landas-an_. Anxiety, _per-chinta-an_. Anxious, _rindu_, _dendam_, _bimbang_, _risau_. Any, _barang_. Apart, _asing_; (with an opening between), _renggang_. Appear, to, _terbit_, _timbul_. Appearance, _rupa_, _sifat_. Apply, to, _pasang_, _k[)e]na-kan_; (ask), _minta_. Appraise, to, _nilai_. Approach, to, _hampir_, _menghampir_. Arabia, _benua `arab_. Arm, _tangan_; (fore-arm), _lengan_. Arm, weapon, _senjata_. Armpit, _katiak_. Army, _balatantra_, _lashkar_. Arrive, to, _sampei_, _tiba_. Arrow, _anak-panah_. Arsenic, _warangan_. Art, _hikmat_, _`ilmu_. As, _bagei_, _saperti_, _la[k.]sana_, _macham_. Ascend, to, _naik_, _panjat_; (a river), _mudik_. Ashamed, _malu_, _bermalu_. Ashes, _habu_. Ask, to, _minta_, _pinta_, _pohun_, _me-mohun_; (a question), _tanya_. Asleep, _ber-tidor_, _ber-lena_, _ber-adu_. Ass, _kaldei_. Assault, to, _langgar_, _terkam_, _pukul_, _memukul_. Assay, _uji_. Assemble, to, _impun_, _kumpul_, _k[)e]rumun_. Assist, to, _tulong_, _bantu_. Astonished, _ter-chengang_. Astray, _sesat_. At, _di_, _pada_. Athwart, _lentang_. Attack, to, _langgar_, _s[)e]rang_, _men-y[)e]rang_. Attempt, to, _choba_, _men-choba_. Attire, _pakei-an_. Auction, _lelong_. Audience-hall, _balei_, _balei-ruang_. Auger, _gurdi_. Aunt, _mah_, _mah-sudara_, _mah-pena-kan_. Authority, _kuasa_, _p[)e]rentah_. Await, to, _me-nanti_. Awake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_; (to arouse), _g[)e]rak-kan_, _mem-bangket-kan_, _mem-bangun-kan_. Awl, _peng-gorek_, _jara_. Axe, _kapak_. B. Babe, _anak kechil_. Bachelor, _bujang_, _taruna_. Back, _b[)e]lakang_; (to go --), _pulang_; (to send --), _pulang-kan_. Backward, _segan_, _malas_. Bad, _jahat_. Bag, _karong_, _pundi-pundi_. Bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_. Bait (for fish), _umpan_. Bake, to, _panggang_. Balance (scales), _naracha_; (to weigh), _timbang_; (surplus), _ba[k.]i_. Bald, _botak_. Bale, to, _timba_, _menimba_. Banana, _pisang_. Bank, of a river, _t[)e]bing_, _baroh_; (shoal), _b[)e]ting_. Bar, _kanching_. Barber, _pen-chukor_, _tukang-chukor_. Bargain, to, _tawar_; (to conclude a bargain), _angkat jual-b[)e]li_. Bark, of a tree, _kulit-kayu_; (of a dog), _salak_, _menyalak_. Barrel, _pipa_, _tong_; (of a gun), _laras_. Base, _hina_. Basket, _bakul_, _raga_, _k[)e]ranjang_. Bastard, _anak-haram_, _haram-zada_. Bat, _lalawa_, _kalawar_; (flying fox), _kaluang_. Bathe, to, _mandi_, _me-mandi_. Battle, _p[)e]rang_, _pe-p[)e]rang-an_. Bawl, to, _t[)e]riak_, _ber-t[)e]riak_. Bay, _telok_. Beach, _pantei_, _pasisir_. Beads, _mani-mani_. Beak, of a bird, _paroh_. Beam, of light, _sinar_. Bear, to, (carry), _pikul_, _memikul_; (endure), _tahan_; (ursus), _b[)e]ruang_. Beard, _janggut_. Beast, _benatang_, _satwa_, _morga_. Beat, to, _pukul_, _palu_; (to throb), _dabar_, _ber-dabar_. Beautiful, _bagus_, _elok_, _chantek_, _molek_. Because, _sebab_, _karana_. Beckon, to, _gamit_, _lambei_. Become, to, _jadi_, _menjadi_. Bed, _tampat-tidor_; (bedstead), _katil_, _g[)e]rai_, _geta_, _pentas_; (bridal), _palamin_. Bee, _l[)e]bah_. Beef, _daging lumbu_. Beetle, _kumbang_. Before, _mengadap_, _ka-hadap-an_; (in time past), _dahulu_; (ere), _sa belum_. Beg, to, _minta_, _minta s[)a]d[)a]kah_. Beginning, _per-mula-an_, _ahwal_, _pangkal_, _asal_. Behaviour, _ka-laku-an_, _pakerti_, _per-angei_. Belch, to, _serdawa_. Believe, to, _perchaya_. Bell, _ganta_, _loching_. Beloved, _kakasih_. Below, _bawah_, _di-bawah_, _ka-bawah_; (under the lee of), _di-olak_. Belt, _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pinding_. Bench, _bangko_. Bend, to, _me-lengkong-kan_; (to incline), _chondong_. Bent, _lengkong_, _bengkok_, _lengkok_. Benevolence, _morah-hati_. Benzoin, _kaminian_. Besprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_. Bet, to, _ber-taroh_. Betel-nut, _pinang_; (leaf), _sirih_; (stand), _tampat-sirih_, _bujam-sirih_. Betrothed, one that is, _tunang_, _tunang-an_. Better, _lebeh baik_. Between, _antara_, _di-tengah_, _k[)e]lang-k[)e]lang_. Beyond, _balik_, _balik-sana_. Bible (the Gospels), _Injil_. Bid, to, _tawar_. Bier, _j[)a]nazat_. Big, _besar_. Bind, to, _ikat_. Bird, _burong_. Bird's-nest, _sarong-burong_. Birth, _per-anak-an_, _ka-jadi-an_. Bite, to, _gigit_; (as a snake), _pagut_. Bitter, _pahit_. Black, _hitam_. Blacksmith, _tukang-b[)e]si_. Blade (of a weapon), _mata_. Blame, to, _per-salah-kan_. Blanket, _kamal_, _kamli_, _kain panas_. Blemish, _chachat_. Blessing, _barkat_. Blind, _buta_. Block, pulley, _kapi_. Blood, _darah_. Blossom, _bunga_, _kembang_. Blow, to, (with wind), _hambus_, _tiup_; (through a tube), _sumpit_, _men-yumpit_; (as a flower), _ber-kembang_. Blue, _biru_. Blunderbuss, _pamuras_. Blunt, _tumpul_. Boar, _babi-jantan_. Board, _papan_. Boat, _prahu_, _sampan_. Body, _tuboh_, _salira_, _badan_. Boil, to, _r[)e]bus_; (rice), _tanak_, _menanak_. Boiling, to be, _mendidik_. Bold, _b[)e]rani_. Bolt, _kanching_, _penganching_. Bond, _surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang_. Bone, _tulang_. Book, _surat_; (religious --), _kitab_. Booth, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_. Bore, to, _korek_, _gorek_, _mengorek_. Borrow, to, _pinjam_, _meminjam_. Bother, _bising_. Bottle, _balang_. Bough, _dahan_, _ranting_. Bound, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_. Boundary, _per-hingga-an,[1] tumpu-tumpu-an_. [Footnote 1: Pronounced _pr[)e]nggan_.] Bow, to, (reverence), _tunduk_, _men-unduk_. Bow (weapon), _busar_, _gandiwa_. Bow (of a ship), _halu-an_. Bowels, _p[)e]rut_, _isi-p[)e]rut_. Box, _peti_; (small ornamental), _chumbul_, _chelapa_. Box, to, (fight), _tinju_. Brains, _otak_. Branch, _dahan_, _ranting_, _chabang_; (of a river or road), _sempang_, _chabang_. Brass, _tambaga_. Brave, _b[)e]rani_. Brazen-faced, _muka-papan_. Bread, _roti_. Bread-fruit, _sukun_. Break, to, _pechah_, _patah_, _putus_. Breast, _dada_. Breasts, _susu_, _tetek_. Breath, _nafas_. Breeches, _saluar_, _sarual_. Breed, family, _bangsa_, _asal_. Breeding, manners, _bahasa_, _budi-bahasa_. Breeze, _angin_; (land), _angin-darat_; (sea), _angin-laut_. Bribe, _suap_. Brick, _bata_, _batu-bata_. Bride, _pengantin_. Bridegroom, _mempelei_. Bridge, _titi_, _jambatan_, _gerta_; (of the nose), _batang-hidong_. Bridle, _kang_, _kakang_, _lagam_ (Hindustani). Bright, _t[)e]rang_, _chaya_. Bring, to, _bawa_; (out), _kaluar-kan_. Broad, _lebar_, _luas_. Broad-cloth, _sahalat_. Broil, to, _panggang_. Broken, _ter-pechah_, _ter-patah_, _ter-putus_. Brooch, _krosang_. Broom, _penyapu_. Brother, _sudara_; (elder), _abang_; (younger), _adek_. Brother-in-law, _ipar_. Brow, _dahi_; (eye --), _kening_. Bruise, _lebam_. Brush, to, _sikat-kan_, _menyapu_. Brushwood, _semak_. Bucket, _timba_, _tong_. Buckle, _kanching_, _pinding_. Bud, of a flower, _kutum_, _kuntum_; (of a leaf), _tunas_. Buffalo, _kerbau_. Bug, _pijat-pijat_. Build, to, _men-diri-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _buat_, _mem-buat_. Bull, _lumbu jantan_. Bullet, _peluru_. Bunch (of fruit), _tandan_. Bundle, _bungkus_, _baban_. Burial-place, _kuburan_, _kandang_, _k[)e]ramat_. Burn, to, _bakar_, _hangus_. Bury, to, _tanam_, _menanam_, _kubur-kan_, _simpan mayat_. Bush, _pokok_, _semak_. Business, _karja_, _pe-karja-an_. But, _tetapi_. Butt, target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_. Butter, _mantega_. Butterfly, _kupu-kupu_, _rama-rama_. Button, _kanching_. Buy, to, _b[)e]li_. By and by, _sa-buntar lagi_. C. Cabbage, _kobis_. Cable, _tali-sauh_. Cage, _sangkar_, _sangkar-an_, _kurong-an_. Cake, _penganan_, _kueh_. Calculate, to, _kira_, _hitong_, _bilang_. Calf, _anak lumbu_; (of the leg), _jantong-betis_. Calico, _kain kalamkari_. Call, to, _panggil_. Calm, _tenang_, _tedoh_. Calumny, _fitnah_. Camel, _unta_. Camphor, _kapur-barus_. Can, _buleh_, _sampat_, _lalu_. Canal, _salur-an_, _parit_. Cancel, to, _hapus_, _ba[t.]al-kan_. Candle, _dian_, _lilin_. Candlestick, _kaki-dian_. Cane, walking-stick, _rotan_, _tongkat_. Cannon, _mariam_. Canoe, _jalor_, _sagor_, _sampan golek_. Canopy, _langit-langit_. Canvas, _kain laiar_. Cap, _kopiah_. Cape, _tanjong_. Capon, _hayam kambiri_. Capsicum, _chabei_, _lada-merah_, _lada-china_. Captain of a ship, _juragan_, _nakhoda_. Captive, _tawan_. Carcass, _bangkei_. Cards, playing, _daun chiki_, _daun pakau_. Cardamum, _kapulaga_. Care, to take, _ingat_, _jaga_; (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah hati_. Careless, _lalei_. Cargo, _muat-an_. Carpenter, _tukang kayu_. Carpet, _permadani_. Carriage, _kreta_. Carry, to, _bawa_, _membawa_; (a load), _pikul_, _memikul_; (under the arm), _kepit_; (on the back or hip), _du-kong_; (on the open hand), _tatang_; (with the fingers), _bibit_; (on the head), _junjong_; (on the shoulder), _kilik_; (in the girdle), _gendong_; (on a stretcher), _usong_. Cart, _pedati_, _kreta_. Carve, to, _ukir_. Cascade, _ayer terjun_, _ayer lata_. Cash, _wang tunei_. Cashew-apple, _jangsus_, _gajus_. Cask, _pipa_, _tong_. Cast, to, (fling), _lempar_, _lotar_; (shed), _tanggal-kan_. Casting-net, _jala_. Castor-oil, _minyak jarak_. Cat, _kuching_. Catch, to, _tangkap_, _menangkap_. Caterpillar, _ulat_. Cause, _sabab_, _karana_. Cave, _goah_. Cede, to, _s[)e]rah_, _meny[)e]rah_. Celebrated, _megah_, _mashur_. Censer, _perasap_. Census, _banchi_. Centipede, _lipan_, _alipan_. Centre, _per-tengah-an_, _pusat_. Certain, _tuntu_. Certainly, _naschaya_, _tuntu_, _sunggoh-sunggoh_. Certify, to, _menuntu-kan_, _menyata-kan_. Chafe, to (shampoo), _urut_. Chaff, _sekam_. Chain, _rantei_. Chair, _krusi_. Chalk, _kapur_. Challenge, to (as a sentry), _tegor_, _menyapa-kan_. Chamber, _bilek_. Chance, _untong_, _nasib_. Change, to, _tukar_, _menukar_, _ubah_, _ber-ubah_; (clothes), _salin-kan_; (turns), _gilir_, _men-gilir_. Chapter, _perkara_, _fasal_. Character, _pakerti_. Charcoal, _arang_. Charge, to (accuse), _tudoh_. Charity, _s[)a]d[)a]kah_. Charm, spell, _mantra_, _jampi_; (to wear), _`azimat_, _tangkal_. Chase, to, _hambat_, _kejar_; (hunt), _buru_. Chat, to, _ber-buwei_. Cheap, _morah_. Cheat, to, _tipu_, _kechek_. Cheek, _pipi_. Cheese, _panir_ (Hind.), _keju_ (Dutch). Chess, _chatur_. Chest, box, _peti_, _saharah_; (thorax), _dada_. Chew, to, _mamak_. Chicken, _anak hayam_. Chief, headman, _orang besar_, _datoh_, _peng-hulu_. Child, _anak_. Chin, _dagu_. Chintz, _kain chit_. Chisel, _pahat_. Choke, to, _lemas_; (throttle), _ch[)e]kek_. Choose, to, _pileh_. Chop, to, _chinchang_. Christ, _Nabi Isa_. Christian, _Nasarani_, _Sarani_. Chronicle, _charitra_, _hakayat_. Church, _greja_. Cinder, _bara_. Cinnamon, _kayu-manis_. Circumcise, to, _sunat-kan_. Circumcision, _sunat_, _khatan_. Citron, _limau_, _jeruk_. City, _negri_. Civil, _ber-budi_. Civility, _adab_, _supan_. Civet-cat, _musang jebat_. Clasp, to, _peluk_, _memeluk_, _dakap_. Claw, _kuku_; (talon), _chakar_. Clay, _tanah-liat_. Clean, _bersih_, _suchi_. Clear, _t[)e]rang_, _hening_, _jerneh_. Cleave, to, (split), _b[)e]lah_. Clerk, _juru-tulis_, _k[)e]rani_. Clever, _pandei_. Climb, to, _panjat_, _daki_; (as a plant), _me-lata_. Clock, _jam_. Close, to, _tutup_, _rapat-kan_, _menutup-kan_. Cloth, _kain_. Clothes, _pakei-an_. Cloud, _awan_, _pokok_. Cloudy, _redup_. Clove, _bunga-chingkei_, _bunga-lawang_. Coal, _batu-arang_; (live), _bara_. Coarse, _kasar_. Coast, _pantei_, _pasisir_. Coat, _baju_. Coax, to, _bujuk_, _mem-bujuk_. Cobweb, _sarang lawa-lawa_. Cock, _hayam-jantan_, _hayam-kukuh_. Cock's-comb, _balong_. Cockfight, _sabong_, _menyabong_. Cockpit, _galanggang_. Cockroach, _lipas_. Cocoanut, _nior_, _kalapa_; (shell), _tempurong_; (husk), _sabut_; (emulsion), _santan_; (oil), _miniak kalapa_. Coffee, _kahwah_. Coffin, _karanda_, _lang_. Coil, to, _lilit_. Cold, _sejuk_; (in the head), _sardi_ (Hind.), _selesimah_. Collar, _leher_. Collect, to, _impun_, _kumpul_. Colour, _warna_. Comb, _sisir_, _sikat_; (to comb the hair), _kirai_. Combine, to, _pakat_, _mufakat_. Come, to, _mari_, _datang_; (in), _masok_. Comet, _bintang-ber-ekor_. Comfort, _hibor_. Command, to, _suroh_, _titah_. Commission, to, _pasan_. Common, _ka-baniak-an_. Compact, _per-janji-an_. Companion, _teman_, _kawan_, _taulan_. Compare, to, _banding-kan_. Compass, mariner's, _pandoman_. Compasses, _jangka_. Compassion, _kasihan_, _b[)e]las_, _rahamat_. Compensate, to, _balas_, _mem-balas_. Complain, to, _adu_, _meng-adu_. Complaint, _peng-adu-an_. Complete, to, _semporna-kan_. Complexion, _sri-muka_, _ayer-muka_. Compliments, _tabek_. Compose, to, _karang_, _mengarang_. Concern, _karja_, _perkara_. Concubine, _gundik_. Condemn, to, _hukum-kan_. Condiment, _lauk_, _sambal_, _hulam_. Conduct, _ka-laku-an_. Conduct, to (lead by the hand), _pimpin_. Confess, to, _meng-aku_. Confiscate, to, _rampas_. Confront, to, _sa-muka-kan_. Confused, _ter-kachau_. Confusion, _haru-hara_. Congregation, _juma`a_. Conjure, to, _sulap_. Conjuror, _penyulap_. Conquer, to, _menang_, _alah-kan_. Consent, to, _turut_. Consider, to, _kenang_. Constable, _mata-mata_. Contagious, _ber-jangkit_. Contend, to, _lawan_. Content, _puas_, _puas-hati_. Contents, _isi_. Contraband, _larang-an_. Contract, _per-janji-an_. Contradict, to, _lawan chakap_, _ber-tingkar_. Convalescent, _semboh_, _betah_. Convenient, _patut_, _senang_. Convert, _martad_. Convulsions, _sawan_. Cook, to, _masak_, _memasak_; (boil rice), _tanak_, _menanak_. Cool, _sejuk_. Copper, _tambaga_. Copy, _salin_, _tiru_; (model), _teladan_. Coral (rock), _karang_; (precious), _marjan_. Cord, _tali_. Cork (stopper), _sumbat_, _penyum-bat_. Coriander, _katumbar_. Corner, _ch[)e]roh_, _buchuk_, _penjuru_. Corpse, _mayat_. Cost, _harga_. Cot, _katil_. Cotton, _kapas_, _kabu-kabu_. Cough, _batok_. Council, _majlis_. Count, _hitong_, _bilang_, _kira_. Counterfeit, _lanchong_, _pura-pura_. Country, _benua_, _negri_. Couple, _sa-pasang_, _sa-jodo_. Course (direction), _arah_, _tuju_. Court, _balei-bichara_. Cousin, _sa-pupu_. Cover, to, _tudong_. Covetous, _kikir_, _loba_, _haloba_. Covey, _kawan_. Cow, _lumbu-betina_. Coward, _penyakut_. Crab, _ketam_, _kapiting_. Crack, _retak_. Cradle, _buayan_. Cramp, _semut-semut-an_; (in the stomach), _senak_. Crawl, to, _merangkah_. Cream, _kapala-susu_. Create, to, _men-jadi-kan_. Creation, _ka-jadi-an_. Creep, to, _lata_, _me-lata_. Crevice, _ch[)e]lah_. Crew, _anak prahu_. Cricket, _chingkrek_, _riyang_. Crocodile, _buaya_. Crop, to (cut off), _k[)e]rat-kan_, _me-rampong_. Crooked, _bengkok_, _lengkok_; (winding), _ber-kelo-kelo_. Cross (sulky), _merajuk_, _muka-masam_. Cross, to (water), _menyab[)e]rang_. Crossed (lying across), _ter-lentang_; (having lines crossing), _ber-silang-silang_. Cross-road, _sempang_. Crow, _gagak_; (crow, to), _ber-kuku_. Crown, _makuta_; (of the head), _ubun-ubun_. Cruel, _bingis_. Crush, to, _hanchur_. Cry, to, _menangis_, _ber-t[)e]riak_. Cucumber, _timun_. Cultivate, to, _tanam_, _buat_. Cultivation, _tanam-tanam-an_. Cunning, _cherdek_. Cup, _mangkok_. Curd, _dadeh_. Cure (remedy), _ubat_, _penawar_; (cure, to), _semboh-kan_. Curious, _endah_, _p[)e]lik_. Curly, as hair, _kerenting_. Current, _harus_. Curry, _gulei_, _lauk_. Curse, a, _per-sumpah-an_; (curse, to), _sumpah-kan_. Curtain, _tirei_, _tabir_; (mosquito), _kalambu_. Curved, _bengkok_, _lengkok_. Cushion, _bantal_, _chiau_. Custard-apple, _sri-kaya_. Custom, _`adat_; (excise), _chukei_. Cut, to, _potong_, _k[)e]rat_, _tetas_; (fell trees), _tebang_; (underwood), _tebas_; (a wound), _luka_, _liang_. Cymbals, _cherachap_. Cypher, _angka_. D. Dagger, _kris_. Daily, _sa-hari-hari_. Damaged, _rosak_. Damask (on a weapon), _pamur_. Damp, _basah_, _lembab_. Dance, to, _tari_, _menari_. Dancer (public), _joget_. Dandriff, _daki_. Danger, _bahaya_. Dare, to, _b[)e]rani_. Dark, _g[)e]lap_, _k[)e]lam_. Darn, to, _sutam_, _menyulam_. Dash against, to, _banting_. Date, _tarikh_; (fruit), _kurma_. Daughter, _anak perampuan_; (in law), _menantu perampuan_. Dawn, _cherah_, _dina-hari_. Day, _hari_; (daylight), _siang_; (day and night), _siang malam_; (daybreak), _fajr_, _dina-hari_; (day of judgment), _hari [k.]iamat_. Dead, _mati_, _mampus_; (of a royal personage), _mangkat_. Deaf, _tuli_, _pekak_. Dear, _kakasih_; (costly), _mahal_. Death, _ka-mati-an_, _maut_. Debt, _hutang_, _piutang_. Debtor, _orang ber-hutang_. Decayed, _reput_, _busuk_. Deceive, to, _tipu_, _menipu_. Declare, to, _menyatakan_. Decree, _[h.]ukum_. Deed, _buat-an_, _per-karja-an_. Deep, _dalam_. Deer, _rusa_; (mouse-deer), _pelan-duk_. Defeat, to, _alah-kan_. Defile, to, _kotor-kan_, _chamar-kan_. Degree, _pangkat_, _martabat_. Deity, _tuhan_, _Allah_; (Hindu), _dewa_, _dewata_. Delay, _lambat_. Delegate, to, _wakil-kan_. Delirious, to be, _ber-igau-igau_, _meng-igau_. Deliver up, to, _s[)e]rah_, _meny[)e]rah_. Deluge, _bah_, _ayer bah._. Demand, to, (claim), _tuntut_, _menuntut_. Demon, _hantu_, _bota_, _jin_. Dented, _sumbing_. Deny, to, _sangkal_, _menyangkal_, _mungkir_. Depart, to, _pergi_, _ber-angkat_. Dependency, _jajahan_, _ta`aluk_. Deposit, to, _taroh_, _kirim_. Depth, _dalam_. Descend, to, _turun_, _menurun_. Descent, _turun-an_, _ka-turun-an_. Desert, _gurun_, _hutan_; (merit), _pa-hala_. Design, desire, _kahandak_. Despair, _putus harap_. Despise, to, _meng-hina-kan_. Destroy, to, _binasa_. Devil, _sheitan_, _iblis_. Devour, to, _makan_, _makan habis_; (swallow), _telan_. Dew, _ambun_. Dial-bird, _morai_. Diagonal, _lentang-bujor_. Dialect, _bahasa_, _chara_. Diamond, _intan_. Diarrhoea, _chirit_. Die, to, _mati_, _mampus_; (of a Mussulman), _pulang ka rahmat Allah_, lit. returned to the mercy of God. Differ, to, _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_. Difference, _per-lain-an_, _beda_, _per-beda-an_, _pewat_. Different, _lain_. Difficult, _payah_, _susah_. Dig, to, _gali_, _korek_. Dim, _k[)e]lam_, _kabur_. Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), _chichah_; (to dye), _chelup_. Direct, straight, _betul_, _lurus_. Dirt, _chamar_, _sampah_. Disappear, to, _liniap_, _hilang_, _ghraib_. Discard, to, _tolak-kan_. Discharge, to, _me-lepas-kan_. Disciple, _murid_. Discover, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat_. Disease, _penyakit_. Disembark, to, _naik darat_. Disgraceful, _keji_. Disguise, _samar_. Dish (china-ware), _piring_, _pinggan_; (native, of metal), _cheper_, _hidan-gan_. Disloyal, _derhaka_. Dismiss, to, _buang_, _me-lepas-kan_, _kaluar-kan_. Disorder, _haru-hara_. Dispersed, _pechah-b[)e]lah_. Dissolve, to, _luluh_, _hanchur_. Distant, _jauh_. Distil, to, _kukus_. Distinct, _t[)e]rang_. Distress, _ka-susah-an_. District, _mukim_, _dairah_. Ditch, _parit_. Dive, to, _selam_, _menyelam_. Divide, to, _membahagi_. Divine, to, _teleh_, _meneleh_, _tenung_. Divorce, _cherei_; (to divorce), _cherei-kan_; (to be divorced), _ber-cherei_. Dizzy, _pening_. Do, to, _buat_, _mem-buat_. Doctor, _bomor_, _tukang ubat_. Dog, _anjing_. Dollar, _ringgit_. Done, finished, _sudah_. Door, _pintu_. Doubt, _shak_, _khuatir_. Doubtful, _tiada tuntu_. Dove, _tekukur_, _balam_. Draft, of a document, _ranchana_. Drag, to, _hela_, _herut_, _seret_. Dragon, _naga_. Dragon's blood, _jernang_. Dragon-fly, _bari-bari_. Drain, _parit_, _saluran_. Draw, to, (pull), _tarik_, _hela_. Dream, _mimpi_. Dress, _pakei-an_. Drift, to, _hanyut_. Drill, _baris_. Drink, to, _minum_. Drive, to, (a carriage), _lari-kan kreta_; (away), _halau_, _halau-kan_. Drop, _titek_. Drop, to, (as a fluid), _menitek_; (to fall prematurely), _gugur_; (as ripe fruit), _luroh_; (to let fall), _labuh-kan_. Drought, _kamarau_. Drown, to, _lemas_. Drum, _gendang_, _rabana_. Drunk, _mabuk_. Dry, _k[)e]ring_. Dry, to, _jemur_. Duck, _itek_. Due, proper, _patut_. Due, tribute, _chukei_. Dumb, _bisa_, _kelu_. Dung (manure), _baja_. Dust, _habu_. Duty, import, _chukei_, _hasil_. Dwarf, _chabul_. Dwell, to, _diam_, _tinggal_. Dye, to, _chelup_. Dysentery, _chirit-darah_. E. Each, _masing-masing_. Ear, _telinga_. Ear-ring, _k[)e]rabu_, _anting-anting_; (worn by unmarried girls), _subang_. Early, _siang_. Earnest-money, _panjar_, _chink[)e]ram_. Earth, _tanah_, _bumi_. Earthenware, _tembikar_. Earthquake, _gumpa_. Earth-oil, _miniak tanah_. Earthworm, _chaching_. East, _mata-hari naik_, _timur_. Easy, _mudah_. Eat, to, _makan_; (of a royal personage), _santap_. Ebb, _surut_. Ebony, _kayu-arang_. Eclipse, _grahana_. Economical, _jimat_. Edge, _tepi_; (sharp), _mata_. Educate, to, _pelehra_, _ajar_. Eel, _b[)e]lut_. Egg, _t[)e]lor_. Egg-plant, _t[)e]rong_. Elbow, _siku_. Elder brother, _abang_. Elder sister, _kakak_. Eldest child, _sulong_. Elephant, _gajah_; (howdah), _kop_; (goad), _kuasa_; (driver), _gambala gajah_; (paniers), _rengka_; (hobbles), _sengk[)a]la_; (tusk), _gading_; (trunk), _belalei_. Elephantiasis, _untut_. Embankment, _batas_. Embark, to, _naik kapal_. Embrace, to, _peluk_, _dakap_. Embroider, to, _soji_. Emerald, _zamrud_. Emissary, _penyuroh_. Empty, _kosong_, _hampa_. Employment, _per-karja-an_. Enclosed, _ber-keliling_. End, _ka-sudah-an_. Endeavour, to, _choba_. Endure, to, _tahan_. Enemy, _musoh_, _satru_. Enmity, _binchi-an_. Enough, _sudah_, _chukup_. Enigma, _tekak-teki_. Enquire, to, _tanya_, _p[)a]reksa_. Entangled, _ter-sangkut_. Enter, to, _masok_. Entertain, to (offer hospitality), _men-jamu_. Entertainment (feast), _jamu-an_, _kanduri_. Entrails, _isi-p[)e]rut_. Envelop, to, _balut_. Envy, _dingki_. Epilepsy, _sawan-babi_. Equal, _sama_, _sa-tara_. Equally, _sama-rata_. Equip, to, _langkap_. Erase, to, _kikis_, _parang_. Erect, to, _mem-bangket-kan_. Escape, to, _lari_; (flee from danger), _melari-kan niawa_, _membawa diri_. Escort to, _antar-kan_. Establish, to, _me-letak-kan_, _men-diri-kan_, _tegoh-kan_. Esteem, to (prize), _endah-kan_. Estimate, _nilai_. Estuary, _kuala_. Eternity, _kakal_, _ba[k.]a_. Even (of numbers), _ganap_; (level), _rata_. Even, likewise, _juga_, _pun_. Evening, _p[)e]tang_. Ever, _pernah_. Evidence, _ka-niata-an_. Evil, _jahat_, _nakal_. Evil, calamity, _mara-bahaya_, _bala_, _chelaka_. Ewe, _kambing-betina_. Exalt, to, _per-tinggi-kan_, _mem-besar-kan_. Examine, to, _p[)a]reksa_. Example, _teladan_. Exceed, to, _lampau_, _lalu-i_. Except, _hania_, _me-lain-kan_. Excess, surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_. Exchange, to, _tukar-kan_. Expect, to, _me-nanti-kan_. Expensive, _mahal_. Extend, to, _panjang-kan_, _lanjut-kan_. Extensive, _lapang_, _luas_. Extinguish, to, _padam-kan_. Eye, _mata_; (ball), _biji-mata_; (brow), _k[)e]ning_; (lid), _k[)e]lopak-mata_. F. Fable, _cheritra_, _hakayat_. Face, _muka_. Fade, to _layu_, _ber-layu_. Fail, to (in business), _jatoh_. Faint, weak, _leteh_; (swoon), _pengsan_. Fair, just, _betul_. Faith, _iman_. Fall, to, _jatoh_; (to cause to fall), _jatoh-kan_; (to drop spontaneously), _luroh_, _gugur_; (to tumble down), _r[)e]bah_, _tumbang_. False, _bohong_, _dusta_. Famed, _megah_, _mashur_. Family, _isi-rumah_; (stock, lineage), _bangsa_, _kaum_. Famine, _ka-lapar-an_. Fan, _kipas_; to fan, _kirap_. Far, _jauh_. Farewell, _salamat tinggal_. Farm (of public revenues), _pajak_. Fast (quickly), _lakas_; (swift), _laju_; (abstinence), _puasa_. Fasten, to, _ikat_, _tambat_. Fat (plump), _gumok_, _tumbun_; (grease), _lemak_. Fate, _nasib_, _ajal_. Father, _bapa_, _ayah_; (step), _bapa-tiri_; (in-law), _mentuah_. Fathom, _depa_. Fatigued, _panat_, _lelah_. Fault, _salah_, _ka-salah-an_. Favour, _kasih-an_; (royal), _karunia_, _anugrah_. Fear, _takut_. Feast, _kanduri_, _per-jamu-an._ Feather, _bulu_. Features, _paras_. Fee, _upah_, _faidah_. Feeble, _lemah_, _leteh_. Feed, to, _b[)e]ri makan_, _suap-kan_. Feel, to (touch), _raba_, _jamah_, _jabat_. Feint, _pura-pura_. Fell, to, _t[)e]bang_. Female, _perampuan_, _betina_. Fence, _pagar_. Fern, _paku_. Ferry, _tambang_. Ferryboat, _prahu tambang_. Festival, _hari-besar_, _hari-raya_. Fetch, to, _ambil_, _bawa_, _jemput_. Fever, _demam_. Field, _padang_; (wet rice), _sawah_, _bendang_. Fierce, _garang_. Fig, _buah ara_. Fight, to, _ber-kalahi_; (of animals), _ber-laga_; (of cocks), _sabong_. File, _kikir_. Fill, to, _penoh-kan_, _isi-kan_. Filter, to, _tapis_. Fin, _sirip_. Find, to, _dapat_. Fine (elegant), _bagus_, _elok_; (not coarse), _halus_. Fine (amercement), _denda_. Finger, _jari_. Finish, to, _habis-kan_, _menyudah-kan_. Finished, _habis_, _sudah_. Fire, _api_. Fire-fly, _k[)e]lip-k[)e]lip_. Firewood, _kayu-api_. Firm, _kukuh_. First, _mula-mula_, _pertama_. Fish, _ikan_; (fish, to), _panching_, _memanching_, _mengail_; (with artificial bait), _kachor_. Fish-hook, _kail_; (line), _tali-kail_. Fist, _tinju_. Fit, _patut_, _harus_, _wajib_; (seizure), _pitam_. Flag, _bandera_; (staff), _tiang-bandera_. Flame, _niala_. Flannel, _kain-panas_. Flash, _kilat_. Flat, _cheper_; (level), _rata_. Flay, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_. Flea, _kutu anjing_. Fleece, _bulu-kambing_. Fleet, _angkat-an_. Flesh, _daging_, _isi_. Fling, to, _baling_, _lempar_, _lotar_; (down), _champak_. Flint, _batu api_. Float, to, _timbul_, _hanyut_. Flock, _kawan_. Flog, to, _pukul_, _gasak_. Floor, _lantei_. Flour, _tepong_. Flow, to, _leleh_, _meleleh_; (as a river), _alir_, _mengalir_; (of the tide), _pasang_. Flower, _bunga_. Fly, _lalat_; (horse-), _pikat_; (eye-), _kakoroh_; (fly, to), _terbang_. Foam, _buih_. Fog, _kabut_. Fold (a pen), _kandang_; (fold, to), _lipat_. Follow, to, _ikut_, _turut_. Food, _makan-an_. Foolish, _bodoh_, _gila_. Foot, _kaki_; (sole of the), _tapak kaki_. Football, _sepak raga_. For, _akan_, _pada_; (because), _karana_. For fear, lest, _takut_. Forbid, to, _larang_. Force, _kuasa_, _kuat_; (to use --), _kuat-kan_, _k[)e]ras-i_. Ford, to (wade), _merandau_. Fordable, shallow, _changkat_, _tohor_. Foreigner, _orang dagang_, _anak dagang_. Forehead, _dahi_. Foreskin, _kulup_. Forest, _rimba_. Forfeited, _luchut_. Forget, to, _lupa_, _lupa-kan_. Forgive, to, _ampun-kan_, _ma`af-kan_. Forgiveness, _ampun_, _ma`af_. Fork, _garfu_, _penyuchuk_. Form, _rupa_. Former times, _dahulu kala_. Fornication, _ber-kendak_. Forsake, to, _tinggal-kan_. Fort, _kota_. Fortunate, _mujur_, _tuah_. Fortune, _untong_, _nasib_. Foundation, _kaki tembok_, _alas rumah_. Founder, to, _karam_. Fountain, spring, _mata ayer_. Fowl, _hayam_. Fragment, _sa-patah_, _sa-k[)e]rat_. Frankincense, _kaminiau_. Free, _bebas_. Freed, _mardahika_. Freeze, to, _b[)a]ku_. Frequent, _k[)e]rap_. Fresh, new, _baharu_; (of water), _tawar_. Friend, _sahabat_. Fright, _ka-takut-an_. Frighten, _menyakut-kan_. Fringe, _jala-jala_, _daun budi_. Frog, _katak_, _kodok_. From, _deri_, _deri-pada_. Front, _hadap-an_. Froth, _buih_. Fruit, _buah_. Fry, to, _goreng_, _rendang_. Fulfil, to, _sampei-kan_, _semporna-kan_. Full, _p[)e]nuh_. Full-moon, _pernama bulan_. Fun, _lawak-lawak_, _ber-suka-suka-an_. Fund, capital, _modal_. Funnel, _chorot_. Furnace, _dapur_, _ralau_. G. Gain, _laba_, _faidah_. Gale, _ribut_. Gall, _ampadu_. Gamble, to, _judi_, _men-judi_. Game, _per-main-an_. Game-cock, _hayam sabong_. Gaol, _panjara_. Gape, to, _nganga_. Garden, _kabun_; (flower), _taman_. Garlic, _bawang puteh_. Gasp, to, _menguap_. Gate, _pintu_, _kerbang_. Gate-keeper, _penunggu-pintu_. Gather, to (pluck), _kutib_, _petik_; (pick up), _pungut_; (assemble), _ber-kumpul_, _ber-impun_. Gaze, to, _renong_. Gem, _permata_. Generous, _morah-hati_. Gentle, _lembut_, _manis_. Get, to, _dapat_, _men-dapat-kan_. Get up, to, _bangket_, _bangun_. Ghost, _hantu_. Giddy, _pening_. Gift, _hadia_, _pem-b[)e]ri-an_. Gild, to, _chelop_, _sador_. Gills, of a fish, _isang_. Gimlet, _gurdi_. Ginger, _halia_. Girdle, _tali-pinggang_. Girl, _budak_. Girth, _tali-p[)e]rut_. Give, to, _b[)e]ri_, _kasih_; (back), _pulang-kan_, _membalik-kan_. Gizzard, _ampedal_. Glad, _suka_, _suka-chita_. Glass, _kacha_. Glean, to, _pungut_. Glitter, to, _kilau_, _mengilau_. Glorious, _mulia_. Glory, _ka-mulia-an_. Glove, _sarong tangan_. Glue, _per[)e]kat_. Glutton, _gelujuh_. Gnat, _agas_. Go, to, _pergi_; (in), _masuk_; (out), _terbit_, _kaluar_. Goat, _kambing_. Goblin, _bota_. God, _Allah_. Gold, _mas_, _amas_; (leaf), _mas kartas_; (dust), _mas urei_. Goldsmith, _tukang mas_. Gong, _tawa-tawa_. Good, _baik_. Goods, _barang-barang_, _benda_, _harta_, _dagang-an_. Goose, _angsa_. Gore, to, _tandok_, _menandok_. Gospel, _injil_. Gourd, _labu_. Govern, to, _memerentah_. Government, _perentah_. Gown, _kabaya_. Grace, _karunia_, _anugrah_. Grain, _biji_, _butir_. Grammar, _nahu_. Grandchild, _chuchu_; (great), _chichit_. Grandparent, _datoh_, _nenek_; (great), _moyang_. Granite, _batu bukit_. Grapes, _buah anggur_. Grasshopper, _belalang_. Grasp, to, _genggam_. Grass, _rumput_. Grate, to (rasp), _kukur_. Grave, a, _[k.]ubur_. Gravel, _batu-lada_, _batu-k[)e]likir_. Gravy, _kuah_. Grease, _lemah_. Great, _besar_. Greedy, _gelujuh_. Green, _hijau_. Green-pigeon, _punei_. Grief, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_. Grieved, _susah-hati_. Grind, to, _kisar_; (on a flat surface), _giling_; (to sharpen), _asah_, _chanei_. Grinder, molar tooth, _gerham_. Grinding-stone, _batu-giling_. Gripes, colic, _mulas_, _senak p[)e]rut_. Groan, to, _meng[)e]rang_. Grope, to (feel in the dark), _raba_. Gross, coarse, _kasar_. Ground, soil, _tanah_. Grow, to, _tumboh_. Growl, to, _men-d[)e]ring_, _men-d[)e]ram_. Grudge, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_. Gruel, _kanji_. Grumble, to, _sungut_, _ber-sungut_. Guard, to, _tunggu_, _kawal_. Guava, _jambu-biji_. Guide, _pandu_, _pertulus_. Guilt, _ka-salah-an_. Guilty, _salah_. Gulf, _teluk_. Gum, _getah_. Gums, the, _gusi_. Gun, _bedil_, _snapang_; (cannon), _mariam_; (swivel), _lela_, _rantaka_. Gunpowder, _ubat-bedil_. Gunwale, _rubing_. Gutter, _saluran-ayr_. H. Habit, custom, _`adat_; (in the habit of), _biasa_. Hair, _rambut_, _bulu_. Hair-pin, _chuchuk-sanggul_. Half, _tengah_, _sa-tengah_, _sa-paroh_. Halt, crippled, _tempang_; (to stop on a journey), _singgah_. Halve, to, _bahagi dua_. Hammer, _pemukul_, _peng[)e]tok_, _martel_. Hammer, to, _k[)e]tok_. Hamper, a, _k[)e]ranjang_, _raga_. Hand, _tangan_. Handful, _sa-genggam_. Handkerchief, _sapu-tangan_. Handle, of a weapon, _hulu_; (of a jar), _telinga_. Handsome, _bagus_, _elok_, _hebat_. Handwriting, _tapak-tangan_, _khat_. Hang, to, (suspend), _gantong_, _meng-gantong-kan_; (to be suspended), _ber-gantong_. Happen, to, _jadi_. Happy, _senang_, _salamat_. Hard, _k[)e]ras_, _tegar_. Hardship, _ka-sukar-an_. Harlot, _sundal_, _jalang_. Harpoon, _sarampang_. Harrow, _sikat_, _garu_. Hasp, _kuku_. Haste, _gopoh_. Hat, _topi_; (conical leaf hat), _terendah_. Hatch, to, _meng-g[)e]ram_. Hatchet, _b[)e]liong_, _kapak_. Hate, to, _binchi_. Haul, to, _tarik_, _hela_. Have, to, _ada_, _ber-uleh_, _menaroh_. Haze, _kabut_. Head, _kapala_, _hulu_. Headache, _sakit-kapala_. Health, _sihat niaman_. Heap, _kumpul-an_, _tambun_. Hear, to, _dengar_. Heart, _hati_, _jantong_; (of timber), _t[)e]ras_; (to have the heart to), _sampei hati_, _dapat hati_. Heat, _hangat_. Heave, to, _bongkar_. Heaven, _surga_; (Muhammadan), _janat-al-naim_. Heavy, _b[)e]rat_. Hedge, _pagar_. Heel, _tumit_. Heel, to (incline), _singet_. Heir, _waris_. Hell, _naraka_, _patala_, (Muhammadan), _jahanam_. Helm, _kamudi_. Help, to, _tulong_, _menulong_, _bantu_, _mem-bantu_. Hem, _kelim_. Hen, _ibu-hayam_, _hayam-betina_. Here, _sini_, _di-sini_, _kamari_. Heritage, _pusaka_. Hiccup, _sedu_. Hide, to, _sembunyi_. Hide, skin, _belulang_, _kulit_. High, _tinggi_. Hill, _bukit_, _changkat_. Hillock, _busut_. Hilt, _hulu_. Hinder, to, _tegah_, _larang_, _sangkut_, _tahan_. Hire, to (engage), _upah_, _meng-upah-kan_; (rent), _penyewa_; (to rent), _sewa_, _menyewa_. History, _cheritra_, _hakayat_. Hiss, to, _ber-siul_. Hit, to, _k[)e]na_. Hoarse, _garok_. Hoe, _changkol_. Hoist, to, _angkat_. Hold, to, _pegang_. Hold, of a ship, _peta_. Hole, _lobang_, _liang_. Holiday, _hari-raya_. Hollow, _lekok_, _geronggong_. Homicide, murder, _pem-bunoh-an_. Hone, _batu-asah_. Honest, _betul_. Honesty, _puteh-hati_. Honey, _madu_, _manis-an lebah_. Honour, _ka-mulia-an_. Hoof, _kuku_. Hook, _penggait_; (elephant-goad), _kuasa_; (fish-), _mata-kail_. Hoop, _simpei_. Hope, _harap_, _asa_. Hopeless, _putus-harap_. Horizon, _kaki-langit_. Horn, _tandok_; (of the rhinoceros), _sumboh_; (feeler), _sungut_. Hornet, _tabu-an_, _naning_. Horrible, _ng[)e]ri_, _hebat_. Horse, _kuda_. Horse-mango, _bachang_, _machang_. Horse-race, _ber-lomba kuda_. Hot, _panas_, _hangat_; (acrid), _pedas_, _pedis_. Hour, _jam_. House, _rumah_. Household, _isi-rumah_. Hovel, _pondok_, _teratak_. How, _bagei-mana_. Howdah, _kop_; (panniers), _rengkah_. However, _tetapi_, _akan-tetapi_. How much? how many? _b[)e]r-apa_, _b[)e]r-apa baniak_. How long? _b[)e]r-apa lama_. Hug, to, _peluk_, _dakap_. Hum, to, _sering_, _menyering_. Humane, _morah-hati_. Humble, _rendah_; (to humble oneself), _me-rendah-kan diri_. Humpback, _bongkok_. Hungry, _lapar_. Hunt, to, _buru_, _mem-buru_. Hurricane, _ribut_, _tufan_. Hurry, _gopoh_. Hurt, to, _sakit-kan_, _menyakit-kan_. Husband, _laki_, _swami_, _rumah-tangga_. Husk, _kulit_; (of cocoanut), _sabut_; (of rice), _sekam_. Hut, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_, _lengkok_. I. Ice, _ayar b[)a]ku_, _ayer batu_. Idea, _`a[k.]al_. Idiot, _bodoh_, _gila_, _korang-`a[k.]al_. Idle, _malas_, _segan_. Idol, _berhala_. If, _kalau_, _jikalau_. Ignite, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang_. Ignorant, _babal_, _bodoh_. Ill, _sakit_; (of a royal personage), _g[)e]ring_. Ill-bred, _korang-adab_, _be-adab_. Ill-humoured, _masam-muka_, _peny-[)e]bal_. Illicit, _larang_, _churi_. Illustrious, _mulia_. Image, _rupa_, _gambar_, _bangun_. Imagine, to, _sangka_, _agak_. Imitate, to, _tiru_, _turut_. Immediately, _sakarang ini_. Immortal, _kakal_, _ba[k.]a_. Impatient, _korang-sabar_. Impertinent, _kasar_, _sombong_. Important, _besar_, _b[)e]rat_, _matan_. Impossible, _tiada akan_, _ta'kan_, _mustahil_. Impound, to, _kandang-kan_. Imprison, to, _kurong-kan_. Improve, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_. Impudent, _muka-tebal_, _muka-papan_. Incense, _kaminian_, _istanggi_, _dupa_. Incest, _sumbang_. Incline, to (bend), _chondong_. Increase, to, _ber-tambah_; (to add), _tambah-kan_, _me-lebeh-kan_; (subs.), _tambah-an_, _ka-lebeh-an_. Indebted, _ber-hutang_. India-rubber, _g[)e]tah_. Indian-corn, _jagong_. Indigo (plant), _tarum_; (dye), _nila_. Indignant, _hangat-hati_. Indulge, to, _kasih_, _pandang_. Industrious, _rajin_. Infectious, _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit-an_. Infidel, _kafir_. Infirm, _lemah_, _leteh_. Inform, to, _b[)e]ri-tahu_, _me-ma`alum-kan_. Informer, _penudoh_. Inhabit, to, _duduk_, _diam_. Inhabitants, _isi-negri_. Inheritance, _pusaka_. Inhuman, _bingis_. Injure, to, _rosak-kan_, _binasa-kan_. Ink, _dawat_, _tinta_. Inkstand, _tampat-dawat_. Inland, _hulu_, _darat_. Inquire, to, _tanya_, _p[)a]reksa_. Insect, _benatang_. Insert, to, _masok-kan_, _s[)e]lip_. Insignia, regalia, _perkakas-ka-raja-an_. Insipid, _tawar_, _maung_. Instant, _sa'at_, _sa-kejap_, _sa-buntar_. Instead, _ganti_, _alih-alih_. Instruct, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar-kan_, _meng-aji-kan_. Instructor, _guru_, _pengajar_. Instrument, _alat_, _perkakas-an_. Intend, to, _mahu_, _handak_, _niat-hati_. Intercept, to (cut off), _k[)e]pong_. Interest, _bunga_. Interior, _dalam_; (of a country), _hulu_, _darat_. Interfere, to, _masok-mulut_. Interpret, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan bahasa lain_; (into Malay), _jawi-kan_, _men-jawi-kan_. Interpreter, _juru-bahasa_. Interval, _selang_. Intestines, _isi-p[)e]rut_. Intoxicated, _mabuk_. Inundation, _ayer bah_. Invade, to, _langgar_, _me-langgar_. Invent, to, _meng-ada-kan_. Invention, _hikmat_. Invisible, _ba[t.]in_. Invite, to, _panggil_, _sila-kan_. Invulnerable, _kebal_, _p[)e]lias_. Iron, _besi_. Irony, _sindir_. Island, _pulau_. Issue, to, _terbit_. Itch (the), _kudis_; (to), _gatal_. Ivory, _gading_. J. Jack-fruit, _nangka_. Jackal, _sri-gala_. Jacket, _baju_. Jar, _tempayan_, _buyong_. Jargon, _bahasa kachau-kan_. Jasmine, _malati_, _melur_. Jealous, _chemburu_. Jealousy, _chemburu-an_. Jetty, _jambatan_, _pelantar_. Jew, _Yahudi_. Jewel, _permata_. Join, to, _hubong_, _meng-hubong-kan_. Joint, _buku_, _ruas_, _sendi_. Joke, _lawah_, _gurau_, _saluroh_, _gonja_. Journey, _per-jalan-an_; (by sea), _pelaiar-an_; (provisions for a), _bakal_, _bekas_. Joy, _ka-suka-an_, _suka-hati_, _ber-suka-suka-an_. Judge, _hakim_. Judgment, _sangka_, _rasa_; (to deliver), _putus hukum_; (day of), _hari-kiamat_. Jug, a, _buyong_. Juggle, to, _sulap_, _balik-mata_. Juggler, _penyulap_. Juice, _ayer_; (of plants), _getah_. Jump, to, _lompat_, _ber-lompat_; (down), _terjun_. Junk, _jong_, _wangkang_, _top_. Just, _`adil_. Just now, _tadi_, _baharu-ini_, _baharu-tadi_. Justice, _ka-`adil-an_. K. Keel, _lunas_. Keep, to, _simpan_, _menyimpan_. Keepsake, _tanda hayat_. Kernel, _isi_. Kettle, _cherek_. Key, _anak kunchi_. Kick, to, _sepak_, _tendang_. Kid, _anak kambing_. Kidneys, _buah pinggang_. Kill, to, _bunoh_, _membunoh_. Kiln, _tenur_. Kind, affectionate, _ber-kasih_. Kind, sort, _bangsa_, _jenis_. Kindle, to, _chuchuk_, _pasang-api_, _ p[)e]lakat-api_. Kindred _kaum_, _kulawarga_. King, _raja_. Kiss, to, (smell), _chium_. Kitchen, _dapor_. Kite, (bird), _halang_, _lang_; (paper), _wau_, _layang-layang_. Kitten, _anak kuching_. Knee, _lutut_. Kneel, to, _berdiri-lutut_; (as an elephant), _t[)e]rum_. Knee-pan, _tempurong-lutut_. Knife, _pisau_. Knitting, _aniam_, _rajut_. Knock, to, _k[)e]tok_, _pukul_. Knot, _simpul_. Know, to, _tahu_, _kenal_. Knuckle, _buku-jari_. L. Labour, _karja_, _usaha_. Labourer, _kuli_, _orang-gaji_. Lad, _budak_. Ladder, _tangga_. Ladle, _sendok_, _gayong_; (to ladle out), _chedok_. Lady, _tuan_, _siti_, _inche_. Lace, gold or silver, _renda_. Lake, _tasek_, _danau_. Lamb, _anak-biri_. Lame, _tempang_, _chapik_. Lament, to, _ratap_, _meratap_, _menangis_; (regret), _menyesal_. Lamp, _palita_. Lance, _lembing_, _tombak_. Land, _tanah_, _darat_; (padi-land), _sawah_, _tanah bendang_; (garden-land), _tanah kampong_. Lancet, _taji_. Lane, _lurong_. Language, _bahasa_, _chara_. Lantern, _tanglong_. Lap, _pangku_, _riba_. Larboard, _kiri_. Large, _besar_. Last, to, _tahan_, _menahan_. Last, hindmost, _yang belakang_, _sa-kali_, _akhir_; (last night), _sa-malam_. Late, _akhir_; (at night), _jauh malam_. Lath, _kasau_, _lantei_. Lattice-work, _gisi-gisi_. Laugh, to, _tertawa_, _gelak_. Laugh at, to, (deride), _menggonja-kan_. Law, _hukum_, _undang-undang_. Lawn, _halaman_. Lawful, _halal_, _harus_. Lawyer, _wakil_. Lay, to, (set down), _bubok_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_; (wager), _ber-taroh_; (an egg), _ber-telor_. Lazy, _malas_, _segan_. Lead (the metal), _timak hitam_. Lead, to (by the hand), _pimpin_; (guide), _tunjuk-kan_, _pandu-kan_, _hantar-kan_. Leaf, _daun_; (of paper), _halei_, _lei_, _kajang_. Leaky, _bochor_, _tiris_. Lean, thin, _kurus_. Lean, to (rest against), _sandar_, _menyandar_. Leap, to, _lompat_, _me-lompat_; (down), _terjun_. Learn, to, _belajar_; (religion), _mengaji_. Learned, _pandei_, _`alim_. Leather, _kulit_, _belulang_. Leave, permission, _izin_. Leave (to quit), _tinggal-kan_. Leech, _lintah_; (forest), _pachat_. Leeward, _di-bawah angin_. Left, _kiri_. Left (remaining), _sisa_. Leg, _kaki_; (thigh), _paha_; (from knee to ankle), _betis_; (calf), _jantong-betis_. Lend, to, _b[)e]ri-pinjam_. Length, _panjang_, _lanjut_. Lengthways, _bujur_. Leprosy, _kusta_. Less, _korang_. Let (to allow), _biar_; (hire), _b[)e]ri-sewa_. Let off, to (fire-arms), _pasang_, _chuchuh_, _me-letup-kan_; (forgive, discharge), _ampun-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_. Letter, _surat kirim-an_. Level, _rata_. Liar, _pem-bohong_. Liberal, _morah-hati_. Liberate, to, _lepas-kan_, _mardahika-kan_. Lick, to, _jilat_. Lid, _tudong_; (eye-), _kelopak-mata_. Lie, falsehood, _bohong_. Lie down, to, _baring_, _tidor_. Life, _niawa_, _jiwa_, _hayat_. Lift, to, _angkat_, _meng-angkat_. Light, bright, _chahya_, _t[)e]rang_; (not heavy), _ringan_. Light (to kindle), _chuchuh_, _pasang_; (to guide with a torch), _suloh_, _menyuloh_. Lighter, _tongkang_. Lightning, _kilat_. Like, _bagei_, _saperti_, _laksana_, _sa-umpama_. Like, to, _suka_, _gamar_, _ber-kenan_. Likeness, _rupa_, _gambar_. Limb, _angguta_. Lime, _kapur_; (quicklime), _tohor_; (birdlime), _getah_. Lime, lemon, _limau-asam_. Line, (string), _tali_; (row), _baris_, _nirei_. Lineage, _ka-turun-an_. Linen, _kain-rami_. Lining, _alas_, _lapis_. Lion, _singa_. Lip, _bibir_. Liquid, _chayer_. Listen, to, _men-dengar_. Litter, _usong-an_. Little, _kechil_. Little finger, _kelingking_. Liver, _limpah_. Livelihood, _ka-hidop-an_, _pen-cha-hari-an_. Lizard, _chichak_. Load, _baban_, _pikul-an_; (cargo), _muat-an_, _sarat-an_. Loaf, _ketul_. Lobster, _hudang-galah_. Lock, _kunchi_. Locust, _bilalang_. Lodge, to, _tumpang_, _menumpang_; (for a night), _ber-malam_. Loft, _para_, _loteng_. Log, _batang_, _puntong_. Lonely, _sunyi_. Long, _lama_. Long, to, _dendam_, _rindu_. Look, to, _pandang_, _tengok_, _lihat_; (look up), _tengadah_. Looking-glass, _chermin_. Loom, _perkakas-tenun_. Loose, _longgar_, _kendor_. Lord, _tuan_; (deity), _tuhan_. Lose, to, _hilang_; (to suffer defeat), _alah_. Lotos, _teratei_. Loud, _riyuh_, _kuat_. Love, _kasih-an_; (love, to), _kasih_, _ber-kasih_, _berahi_. Low, _rendah_. Low-water, _ayer-surut_, _ayer mati_. Loyal, _setia_. Luck, _untong_. Luckily, _sa-baik-baik-nia_. Lucky, _mujur_. Lullaby, _lagu pengulik_. Lump, _ketul_. Lunatic, _orang-gila_. Lungs, _paru-paru_. Lust, _hawa_, _nafsu_. Lute, _kechapi_. M. Mace, _bunga-pala_. Machine, _pesawat_. Mad, _gila_. Maggot, _hulat_. Magic, _`ilmu_. Magistrate, _hakim_, _tuan polis_. Magnet, _besi-b[)e]rani_. Maimed, _kudong_. Mainmast, _tiang-agong_. Maintain, to, _pelehra_. Maize, _jagong_. Majesty, _baginda_. Make, to, _buat_, _membuat_. Male (man), _laki-laki_; (animal), _jantan_. Malice, _dingki_, _kechil-hati_. Malignant, _ber-dingki_. Man, _orang_, _laki-laki_. Man-of-war, _kapal p[)e]rang_. Manage, to, _perentah_, _memerentah_. Mane, _gambong_, _jambul_. Mange, _kudis_. Mango, _mampelam_, _mangga_; (horse-), _machang_, _bachang_. Mangostin, _manggis_. Manifest, to, _menyata-kan_, _mene-rang-kan_. Mankind, _manusia_. Manner, _bagei_, _macham_. Manure, _baja_. Many, _baniak_. Map, _peta_. Marble, _pualam_. Mare, _kuda-betina_. Margin, _tepi_. Mark, _tanda_, _`alamat_; (to shoot at), _tuju-an_, _sasar_. Market, _pasar_. Marriage, _kawin_, _nikah_; (to demand in), _pinang_, _meminang_; (to give in), _nikah-kan_. Married, _ber-kawin_; (having a wife), _ber-bini_; (having a husband), _ber-laki_. Marrow, _otak-tulang_. Marsh, _paya_, _redang_. Mash, to, _pipis_. Mason, _tukang-batu_. Mast, _tiang_. Master, _tuan_; (of a ship), _juragan_, _nakhoda_. Mat, _tikar_. Match, _goris-api_; (to suit), _padan_. Matchlock, _satinggar_. Mate, of a ship, _malim_. Matter (affair), _perkara_; (pus), _nanah_. Mattress, _tilam_. May, _buleh_. Meal (repast), _makan-an_; (flour), _tepong_. Mean, _hina_; (to understand), _harti_, _meng-harti_. Meaning (sense), _ma`ana_, _harti_. Meanwhile, _dalam antara itu_. Means (by all), _hubaya_. Measure, to, _hukur_, _sukat_. Measurement, _hukur-an_, _sukat-an_. Meat, _daging_. Medicine, _ubat_. Meek, _manis_, _lemah-lumbut_. Meet, to, _jumpa_, _ber-jumpa_, _temu_, _ber-temu_. Melon (water), _temikei_. Melt, to, _lebor_, _hanchur-kan_. Member, _angguta_. Memory, _ingat-an_. Mend, to, _baik-i_, _mem-baik-i_. Mendicant, _fa[k.]ir_. Mention, to, _sebut_. Merchandise, _dagang-an_. Mercury, _rasa_. Mercy, _rahamat_. Meridian (noon), _rambang_. Merit, _pahala_. Mesh (of a net), _mata_. Message, _pasan-an_. Messenger, _penyuroh_, _pesuroh_. Method (arrangement), _atur-an_. Middle, _tengah_, _per-tengah-an_; (middle finger), _jari-hantu_. Middling, _sedang_. Midwife, _bidan_, _dukun_. Might, _gagah_, _kuasa_, _[k.]oderat_. Mighty, _[k.]uat_, _ber-kuasa_. Mild, _manis_, _lumbut_. Mildew, _lapuk_, _kulat_. Milk, _susu_. Mill, _kisar-an_, _giling-an._ Million, _juta_. Mimic, to, _ajuk_. Mince, to, _chachah_, _chinchang_. Mind (sense), _`a[k.]al_, _budi_; (inclination), _ka-handak_; (never mind), _tiada apa_, _ta' apa_, _ta' usah_. Mine, _gali-an_, _lombong_, _tebok_. Miner, _kuli tebok_, _tukang gali_. Minister, _mantri_. Minute (small), _halus_, _seni_; (moment), _sa`at_. Mire, _lumpur_, _lechah_. Mirror, _chermin_. Miscarriage, _gugur-an_; (of an elephant), _sanglong_. Mischief, _benchana_. Miserly, _kikir_, _kikil_, _chikil_. Misery, _hal ka-sukar-an_. Mist, _kabut_. Mistake, _salah_, _silap_. Mistress, _tuan_. Misunderstand, to, _salah-mengarti_, _salah-dengar_. Mix, to, _champur_, _kachau_. Mock, _olok_, _pupuh_; (to deride), _sindir_. Mode, _pri_, _chara_. Model, _teladan_, _achu-an_. Modest, _ber-malu_, _sopan_. Moment, _sa-buntar_, _sa-kejap_, _sa`at_. Money, _wang_, _duit_; (ready-money), _wang tunei_. Monkey, _monyet_, _k[)e]ra_. Monsoon, _musim_. Month, _bulan_. Moon, _bulan_. Morass, _paya_, _redang_. More, _lebeh_, _lagi_. Morning, _pagi_, _dina-hari_. Morrow, _esok_, _besok_, _ka-esok-an_. Morsel, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_. Mortal, _fana_. Mortar, _lesong_. Mortgage, to, _gadei_, _chagar_, _sandar_. Mosque, _masjid_. Mosquito, _niamok_. Moss, _lumut_. Most, _ter-lebeh_. Mother, _mak_, _ibu_, _bonda_; (adoptive), _ma-angkat_; (step-mother), _ma-tiri_; (mother-in-law), _mentuah_. Mould, earth, _tanah_; (mildew), _lapuk_; (matrix), _achu-an_. Mouldy, _basi_. Mount, to, _naik_. Mountain, _gunong_. Mourn, to, _tangis-kan_, _menangis-kan_, _ratap_, _meratap_. Mouse, _tikus_. Mouse-deer, _pelanduk_. Moustache, _misei_. Mouth, _mulut_; (of a river), _kuala_. Mouthful, _sa-suap_, _sa-mulut_. Move, to, (intrans.), _ber-ubah_, _ber-g[)e]rak_, _kesak_; (trans.), _g[)e]rak-kan_, _meng-g[)e]rak-kan_, _alih-kan_, _meng-alih-kan_, _meng-ubah-kan_. Much, _baniak_. Mud, _lumpur_, _sulut_, _lechah_. Muddy, turbid, _k[)e]rok_. Mug, _kindi_. Multiply, to, _per-baniak-kan_. Murder, to, _bunoh_, _mem-bunoh_. Murmur, to, _sungut_. Muscle, _urat_. Mushroom, _chendawan_. Music, _bunyi-bunyi-an_, _lagu_. Musk, _kasturi_. Musk-rat, _chenchurut_. Musket, _snapang_, _bedil_. Muslin, _kain khasa_. Must, _handak_, _harus_, _dapat-tiada_. Mustard, _sesawi_. Muster (to summon), _k[)e]rah_. Mutiny, _belut_. Mystery, _rahusia_. N. Nail, _paku_; (of the fingers or toe), _kuku_; (finger-nail worn purposely long), _changei_. Naked, _telanjang_. Name, _nama_; (title), _g[)e]lar-an_; (to name), _gelar-kan_, _nama-kan_. Nape of the neck, _tangkok_. Napkin, _kain basah_. Narrate, to, _cheritra-kan_. Narrow, _sumpit_, _simpit_, _sesak_, _ginting_. Nation, _bangsa_. Nature, _tabi`at_. Navel, _pusat_. Navigate, to, _me-layar-kan_. Navigation (science of), _`ilmu-pe-layar-an_. Neap-tide, _ayer surut_, _ayer mati_. Near, _dekat_, _hampir_. Neat, _chantek_, _chermat_. Necessary, _wajib_. Necessity, desire, _hajat_. Neck, _batang leher_; (throat), _leher_. Needle, _jarum_. Neglect, _lalei_. Neighbour, _orang rumah sa-b[)e]lah_. Nephew, _anak-penakan_, _anak su dara_. Nerve, _urat_. Nest, _sarang_, _sarang-burong_. Net (casting), _jala_; (seine), _pukat_; (landing), _sauh-sauh_; (snare), _jaring_. Net, to, _serat_, _menyerat_. Net-work, _serat-an_, _jala-jala_. Never, _ta'pernah_; (never mind), _ta'apa_, _ta'usah_. New, _baharu_. New-moon, _sa-hari bulan_. News, _khabar_. Next (in time), _lepas itu_, _kemdian_; (in place), _sa-b[)e]lah_. Nice (pleasant), _sedap_. Niece, _anak-penakan_, _anak-sudara_. Night, _malam_; (to pass the), _ber malam_. Night-jar, _tetegok_, _punggok_. Nimble, _chepat_, _pantas_. Nip (to pinch), _pichit_, _chubit_, _ketam_, _sepit_. Nippers (pincers), _penyepit_. Nitre, _sendawa_. Noble, _bangsawan_. Nod, to, _meng-antok_. Noise, _gadoh_, _gempar_, _bising_, _riau_. None, _satu pun tidak_. Nonsense, _sia-sia_, _ta'ka-tahu-an_. Noon, _rambang_, _tengah-hari_. Noose, _jerat_. North, _utara_. Nose, _hidong_; (bridge of the), _batang_, _hidong_. Nosegay, _karangan-bunga_. Nostril, _liang hidong_. Notch, _takuk_; (gap, dent), _sumbing_. Nothing, _apa pun tidak_. Notice, to, _per-hati-kan_. Notwithstanding, _tetapi_, _lamun-kan_. Nourish, to, _pelehra-kan_. Now, _sakarang_; (now and then), _kadang kadang_, _ter-kadang_. Number (quantity), _baniak_; (a numeral), _angka_. Nurse, a, _inang_, _pengasoh_. Nurse (to rear, cherish), _pelehra_; (give suck), _menetek-kan_, _menyusu-kan_; (a sick person), _dukun_. Nut, _kachang_. Nutmeg, _buah pala_. Nymph, _bidyadari_. O. Oakum, _pakul_. Oar, _dayong_, _pengayuk_. Oath, _sumpah_. Obey, to, _turut_. Obscene, _charut_; (to use obscene language), _men-charut_. Obscure, _k[)e]lam_, _g[)e]lap_. Observe (watch), _intei_; (notice), _per-hati-kan_. Obstinate, _degil_, _bantak_, _kras ka-pala_. Obstruct, to, _sekat-kan_. Occasion, _paksa_. Occupied (busy), _`aral_. Occur, to, _jadi_, _jatoh_, _tiba_. Ocean, _laut-an_. Odd (of numbers), _gasal_, _ganjil_. Odds and ends, _rinchik-rinchik_. Offer, to, _unjuk_, _tawar_. Office, (employment), _pegang-an_; (place of business), _gedong_. Offspring, _anak-pinak_. Often, _k[)e]rap-k[)e]rap_. Oil, _minyak_. Old, _tuah_, _lama_; (decayed), _burok_. Olden time, _dahulu-kala_, _zaman dahulu_. Omen, evil, _pemali_. Once, _sa-kali_. Only, _sahaja_, _hania_. Onion, _bawang_. Open, _ter-buka_; (extensive), _lapang_, _luas_; (to open), _buka_, _mem-buka_. Opening (chink), _chelah_. Opinion, _rasa_, _pe-rasa-an_, _sangka_, _kira_, _pikir-an_. Opium, _apiun_, _madat_, _chandu_. Opportunity, _paksa_, _dan_, _sampat_. Oppose, to, _lawan_. Oppression, _anyaya_. Oppressive, _zalim_. Orange, _limau-manis_. Order (arrangement), _atur-an_, _per-atur-an_; (class), _pangkat_; (to command), _suroh_, _menyuroh_; (of a royal personage), _titak_. Orifice, _liang_. Origin, _asal_, _pangkal_. Ornament, _per-hias-an_. Orphan, _piatu_. Other, _lain_. Otter, _anjing-laut_. Ottoman, _petarana_. Ought, _patut_, _harus_, _handak-lah_, _mahu-lah_. Out, _luar_. Outcast, _bangsat_, _ter-buang_. Outcry, _gempar_, _engar_. Outhouse, _bangsal_. Outward, visible, _zahir_. Oval, _bulat-bujur_. Oven, _dapor_, _tenur_. Over (upon), _atas_; (ended), _sudah_. Overcast (darkened), _ber-tedoh_. Overflow, to, _limpah_, _me-limpah_. Overladen, _sarat_. Overlook, to, _jaga_, _men-jaga_, _tunggu_, _menunggu_. Overseer, _tandil_, _mandor_. Overturn, to, _balik_, _mem-balik-kan_. Overturned, to be, _ber-balik_, _ter-balik_. Owe, to, _ber-hutang_. Owl, _burong-hantu_. Owner, _tuan_, _yang ampunya_. Ox, _lumbu_, _sapi_; (wild), _si-ladang_. Oyster, _teram_, _siput_. P. Pace (step), _jangka_. Pack, to, _kemas_, _bungkus-kan_. Paddle, a, _kayuh_, _pengayuh_; (to row with), _mengayuh_. Pain, _sakit_, _sakit-an_, _ka-sakit-an_; (anxiety), _per-chinta-an_, _susah-hati_. Paint, _chat_; (to paint), _sapu-chat_; (a painter), _tukang-chat_. Pair, _jodo_, _pasang_. Palace, _astana_, _meligei_. Pale, _puchat_. Paling, _pagar_, _gisi-gisi_. Palm of the hand, _tapak-tangan_, _telapak_. Palpitation, _dabar_. Palsy, _tepok_, _basal_. Pan (earthen), _pasu_; (iron), _kuali_. Pant, to, _mangah_, _menguap_. Paper, _[k.]ar[t.]as_. Parable, _per-upama-an_. Parasol, _payong_. Parcel, _bungkus_, _bungkus-an_. Pardon, _ampun_, _ma`af_; (to pardon), _ampun-kan_, _ma`af-kan_. Pare, to, _raut_, _me-raut_, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_. Parents, _ibu-bapa_. Parrot, _nuri_, _bayan_; (small green parroquet), _serindit_. Parry, to, _tangkis_. Part, _bahagi-an_, _sa-k[)e]rat_, _sa-paroh_. Particle, _butir_. Partner, _kawan_, _kongsi_. Partnership, in, _sa-modal_. Pass, to, _lalu_; (miss), _selisih_; (as coin), _laku_. Passion (anger), _marah_, _hangat_. Passionate, _hati panas_, _lakas marah_. Past, _sudah_, _yang telah sudah_, _yang telah lalu_. Paste, _pe-r[)e]kat_, _bubur_. Pastry, _penganan_. Pat, to, _tepuk_. Patch, _tampal_. Patience, _sabar_. Pattern, _teladan_, _chonto_. Pawn, to, _gadei_, _meng-gadei_; (a pledge), _sandar-an_. Pay, to, _bayar_, _mem-bayar_; (by instalments), _ansur_. Payment, _bayar-an_, _pem-bayar-an_. Pea, _kachang_. Peace, _sajehtra_, _santosa_, _ka-senang-an_; (to make peace), _ber-damei_. Peacock, _m[)e]rak_. Peak, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_. Pearl, _mutiara_. Peck, to, _patok_, _pagut_. Pedlar, _orang ber-jajah_, _orang kelon-tong_. Peel, to, _kupas_, _kelupas_. Peep, to, _intei_, _meng-intei_. Pelican, _undan_. Pelt, to, _lotar_, _me-lontar_. Pellucid, _hening_, _jerneh_. Pen, _[k.]alam_. Pen (enclosure), _kandang_. Penalty, _denda_, _si[k.]sa_. Penetrate, to, _lut_, _melut_. Penitence, _taubat_. Penknife, _pisau-lipat_. People, _orang_. Pepper, _lada_; (black), _lada-hitam_; (Chili), _lada-merah_, _lada-china_, _chabei_. Perceive, to, _rasa_, _per-hati-kan_. Perch, to, _hinggap_, _tengger_. Percolate, to, _tiris_, _meniris_. Perfect, _semporna_. Perfectly, _betul_, _benar_, _sakali_. Perfume, _bau-bau-an_. Perfumed, _harum_, _wangi_. Perhaps, _antah_, _barangkali_, _mudah-mudah-an_. Peril, _bahaya_, _mara-bahaya_. Perjury, _dusta_. Permanent, _kekal_, _kukuh_, _tetap_. Permission, _izin_. Permit, to, _b[)e]ri_, _kasih_, _biar_. Perpetual, _sanantiasa_, _yang tiada ber-ka-putus-an_. Persecute, to, _anyaya-kan_. Persevere, to, _ber-usaha_. Person, _orang_, _marika_. Perspiration, _peluh_. Perverse, _bantah_, _angkara_. Pestle, _alu_, _antan_. Petition, _per-minta-an_. Pheasant, _pegar_; (argus pheasant), _kuang_, _kuwau_. Phlegm, _dahak_, _hingus_. Pick (to gather), _kutib_, _petik_; (pick up), _pungut_. Pickles, _achar_; (pickled fish or meat), _pe-kasam_. Piebald, pied, _b[)e]lang_. Piece, _sa-patah_, _su-k[)e]rat_, _sa-patong_. Pier, _jambatan_, _pangkalan_. Pierce, to, _chuchuk_. Piety, _`ibadat_. Pig, _babi_. Pigeon, _merpati_. Pile (stake), _panchang_; (to heap up), _susun-kan_. Pillage, to, _samun_, _rampas_. Pillar, _tiang_. Pillow, _bantal_. Pillow-case, _sarong-bantal_. Pimple, _bisul-lada_. Pin, _piniti_, _jarum-peny[)e]mat_. Pincers, _sepit_, _penyepit_. Pinch (a small quantity), _sa-jumput_; (to pinch), _chubit_, _pichit_. Pinchbeck, _suasa_. Pineapple, _nanas_. Pink, _kasumbah_. Pipe (conduit), _panchur-an_. Pipeclay, _tanah-mala_. Pirate, _perompak_. Pit, _lobang_. Pitch, _gala-gala_; (to pitch as a ship), _anggu_, _meng-anggu_. Pitcher, _buyung_. Pith, _ampulur_. Pity, _kasih-an_, _b[)e]las_. Place, _tampat_; (to place), _bubok_, _taroh_, _letak_, _me-letak-kan_. Plague (pestilence), _hawar_. Plain, _padang_, _medan_. Plait, to, _aniam_, _pintal_. Plane, _k[)e]tam_. Plank, _papan_. Plant, _pokok_, _tanam-an_, _tumboh-tumboh-an_. Plantain, _pisang_. Plantation, _kabun_, _ladang_. Plate (earthenware), _piring_, _pinggan_; (metal), _cheper_. Play, to, _main_. Pleasant, _sedap_, _lezat_. Pleased, _suka_. Pledge, _chagar_, _sandar-an_. Plenty, _baniak_. Plough, _tanggala_. Plover, _kedidi_, _chicheoh_. Pluck (to gather), _petik_; (pluck out), _chabut_. Plump, _tumbun_, _pejal_. Plunge, to, _terjun_, _s[)e]lam_, _meny[)e]lam_. Plunder, to, _samun_, _rampas_. Pocket, _saku_. Point, _hujong_; (to point), _tunjok_, _menunjok_. Poison, _rachun_. Poisonous, _bisa_. Poke (to thrust), _chuchuk_, _jolok_, _chungkil_. Pole, _batang_; (for propelling a boat), _galah_. Polecat, _musang_. Polite, _adab_, _bastari_. Pollute, to, _chamar-kan_, _kotor-kan_. Pomegranate, _buah-dalima_. Pond, _kulam_. Ponder, to, _kenang_, _pikir_. Pool, _lubok_. Poop, _burit-an_. Poor, _miskin_. Porcelain, _tembikar_. Porcupine, _landak_. Pork, _daging-babi_. Porpoise, _lomba-lomba_. Portion, _bahagi-an_. Position (situation), _ka-duduk-an_. Possess, to, _milik_, _taroh_. Possible, _buleh_. Post, _panchang_, _tiang_. Pot (earthenware), _priuk_, _b[)e]langa_; (iron), _kuali_; (water), _buyung_; (flower), _pasu_. Potato, _ubi benggala_, _ubi china_. Pouch, _pundi-pundi_. Pound (pen), _kandang_. Pound, to, _tumbok_. Pour, to, _tuang_, _tumpah_; (water over a person bathing), _jurus_. Powder, _serbuk_; (dust), _lumat_; (gunpowder), _ubat bedil_. Power, _kuasa_. Praise, _puji_, _puji-an_; (to praise), _memuji_. Prawn, _hudang_. Pray, to, _sembahyang_, _do`a_. Precious, _endah_. Predestination, _ajal_, _ta[k.]dir_. Predict, to, foretell, _tenung_. Pregnant, _bunting_, _mengandong_, _[h.]amil_. Prepare, to, _sedia-kan_, _langkap-kan_. Present (to be), _ada_, _hazir_, _berhadap_. Present (gift), _hadia_, _pem-b[)e]ri-an_, _tanda-hayat_ (lit. "token of life"). Presently, _sa-buntar lagi_. Press, to, _apit-kan_; (press down), _tekan_; (squeeze out), _p[)e]rah_. Presumption, _angkara_. Pretend, to, _achu_. Pretence, _pura-pura_, _buat-buat_. Pretty, _bagus_, _chantek_, _molek_. Prevent, to, _tegah_, _larang_. Price, _harga_; (of a slave), _penebus_. Prick, to, _chuchuk_, _tikam_. Prickle, _duri_; prickly, _ber-duri_. Priest. (Muhammadan), _imam_; (Christian), _padri_. Prince, _putra_. Princess, _putri_. Principal, _pokok_, _modal_. Print, to, _chap_. Prison, _panjara_. Private (secluded), _sunyi_; (parts), _ka-malu-an_. Privy, _jamban_. Prize (booty), _rampas-an_; (to value highly), _endah-kan_. Procession, _arak_. Proclaim, to, _menyata-kan_, _mashur-kan_. Prodigal, _pemburus_. Profit, _laba_, _untong_, _faidah_. Prohibit, to, _larang-kan_, _tegah-kan_. Prohibited, _larang-an_, _haram_. Prolong, to, _lanjut-kan_. Prominent (projecting), _jungur_. Promise, a, _per-janji-an_; (to promise), _janji_. Prone (lying face downwards), _tiharap_. Pronounce, to, _sebut_, _menyebut_. Proof, _ka-nyata-an_, _saksi-an_. Proper, _patut_, _harus_. Property, _harta_, _benda_, _had_. Prophet, _nabi_. Prosecute, to, _dawa_, _men-dawa_. Prostitute, _sundal_. Prostrate, _menyiharap_, _pelanting_. Protect, to, _lindong-kan_, _pelehra-kan_. Proud, _sombong_. Prove, to, _nyata-kan_, _me-nyata-kan_. Proverb, _`ibarat_, _tamsil_, _bidal_, _per upama-an_. Provisions, _b[)a]kal_, _b[)a]kas_, _pelabur_. Provoke, to, _usik_, _mengusik_. Prudence, _ka-bija-an_. Prudent, _cherdek_, _bijak_, _chermat_. Prune, to, _ranchong_, _me-ranchong_. Psalm, _zabur_. Pull, to, _tarik_, _menarik_; (drag), _hela_; (pull up), _chabut_. Pulley, _kapi_. Pulse, _nadi_. Pump, _bomba_. Pumpkin, _labu_. Pungent, _pedas_. Punish, to, _siksa-kan_, _sakit-kan_. Punishment, _siksa_, _ka-sakit-an_. Pupil (of the eye), _biji mata_; (scholar), _murid_. Puppy, _anak-anjing_. Pure (clear), _jerneh_, _hening_. Purgative, _pen-chahar_. Purple, _ungu_. Purpose, _ka-handak_; (on purpose), _sangaja_. Purse, _unchang_, _pundi-pundi_. Pursue, to, _hambat_, _kejar_; (wild animals), _buru_, _mem-buru_. Pus, _nanah_. Push, to, _tolak_, _sorong_. Put, to, _taroh_, _bubok_, _letak_; (put on), _pakei_, _k[)e]na-kan_; (put off, postpone), _tangguh_; (put out fire), _padam_. Putrid, _busuk_. Puzzle (enigma), _tekak-teki_. Q. Quail, _puyuh_, _pikau_. Quake, to, _k[)e]tar_, _meng[)e]tar_. Quality, _sifat_. Quantity, _baniak_. Quarrel, _per-bantah-an_; (to quarrel), _ber-kalahi_, _ber-tingkar_. Quarter (fourth part), _suku_; (of a slaughtered animal), _paha_. Queen, _permeisuri_. Quench, to, _padam-kan_. Question, _sual_; (to question), _pareksa_, _sual-kan_, _tanya_. Quick, _lakas_, _chepat_, _bangat_, _lantas_, _pantas_. Quicksilver, _rasa_. Quid (of betel), _sepah_. Quiet, _diam_, _sunyi_; (silent), _sengap_. Quit (to forsake), _tinggal-kan_. Quite, _sakali_, _sa-mata-mata_. R. Race (lineage), _bangsa_, _asal_. Races (contest), _lomba_, _ber-lomba_. Radish, _lobak_. Raft, _rakit_, _lantin_. Rafter, _kasau_. Rag, _perchah_. Ragged, _koyak-rabak_, _chompang-champing_. Railing, _pagar_, _kilik-kilik-an_. Rain, _hujan_; (to rain, rainy), _ber-hujan_; (drizzle), _rinteh_. Rainbow, _palangi_. Raise, to, _angkat_, _bangun-kan_; (with a lever), _tuwas_. Raisins, _kismis_, _buah-anggor_. Rake, _peng-garu_, _sikat_. Range (to dispose in order), _meng atur-kan_. Rank (row, line), _baris_, _saf_; (station in life), _pangkat_, _martabat_. Rank (rancid), _hanyir_, _basi_. Ransom, to, _tebus_, _menebus_. Rape, _rugul_. Rapid, _d[)e]ras_, _laju_. Rapids (in a river), _jeram_, _chigar_, _riyam_. Rare, _jarang_. Rat, _tikus_; (musk-rat), _chenchurut_. Rattan, _rautan_. Rave, to (in delirium), _meng-igau_, _ber-igau-igau_. Raw, _mantah_. Ray (of light), _sinar_; (a fish, the skate), _pari_. Razor, _pisau-chukur_. Reach, to (with the hand), _chapei_, _men-chapei_; (attain), _sampei_. Read, to, _bacha_. Ready, _sedia_, _siap_. Really, _sunggoh_, _sa-sunggoh-nia_. Reap, to, _ketam_, _tuwei_, _menuwei_. Rear (to bring up), _pelehra_, _me-melehra-kan_. Reason (cause), _karana_, _sebab_; (understanding), _budi_, _`a[k.]al_. Rebellious, _derhaka_, _belut_. Rebuke, to, _ajar_, _tegor_, _tengking_. Receive, to, _terima_, _menerima_; (take), _sambut_. Reckon, to, _hitong_, _bilang_. Recline, to, _baring_, _sandar_. Recollect, to, _ingat_, _sedar_. Recover (to get well), _ber-semboh_. Red, _merah_. Redeem, to, _tebus_, _menebus_. Red-lead, _sadalinggam_. Reduce, to, _korang-kan_. Reed, _buluh_. Reef, _karang_. Reflect, to, _kenang_. Refuse, to, _sangkal_, _anggan_. Refuse (rubbish), _hampas_, _sampah_. Regalia, _perkakaska-raja-an_. Regard (to gaze at), _intei_, _renong_. Region, _benua_. Regret, to, _sesal_, _menyesal_. Reign, _ka-raja-an_. Rein (bridle), _tali-kang_. Reject, to, _tolak-kan_, _buang_, _champak_. Rejoice (to be glad), _ber-suka_; (gladden), _menyuka-kan_. Relapse, _balik-sakit_. Relate, to, _cheritra-kan_. Relations (kindred), _sudara_, _ibu-bapa_, _puwah_, _[k.]aum_. Release, to, _lepas-kan_, _me-lepas-kan_. Relieve guard, to, _gilir_. Religion, _agama_. Reluctant, _segan_. Remain, to, _diam_, _tinggal_, _ber-hinti_. Remainder, _ba[k.]i_; (leavings), _sisa_. Remedy, _penawar_, _ubat_. Remember, to, _ingat_, _meng-ingat_, _kenang_. Remove, to, (intrans.), _pindah_; (trans.), _men-jauh-kan_, _ubah-kan_. Rent (hire), _sewa_, _penyewa_. Repair, to, _baik-i_, _mem-per-baik-kan_. Repeat, to, _ulang_. Repent, to, _taubat_, _sesal_, _menyesal_. Replace, to, _ganti_. Reply, to, _sahut_, _menyahut_, _men-jawab_, _balas jawab_. Report, to, _khabar-kan_, _b[)e]ri tahu_. Report (rumour), _khabar_, _bunyi_. Reprimand, to, _mengajar_. Reprobate, _bangsat_. Repudiate, to, _cherei-kan_. Request, to, _minta_, _pinta_. Resembling, _akan-akan_, _sa-rupa_. Reside, to, _tinggal_, _diam_, _duduk_. Resign, to, _serah-kan_, _pulang-kan_. Resin, _damar_, _getah_. Resist, to, _lawan_, _me-lawan_. Respect, _hormat_. Responsible for, to be, _sanggup_, _tanggong_. Rest, _per hinti-an_, _ka-senang-an_. Rest (remainder), _ba[k.]i_. Restore (to give back), _pulang-kan_. Restrain, to, _tahan_, _menahan_. Result, _ka-sudah-an_. Retire (to retreat), _undur_, _ber-undur_. Retired (secluded), _sunyi_. Retribution, _pem-balas-an_. Return, to, _pulang_, _balik_, _kambali_; (retaliate), _balas_. Revenge, _balas_, _damdam_. Revenue, _hasil_. Reverence, _sembah_. Reverse, to, _mem-balik-kan_. Revile, to, _hujat-kan_, _me-maki_. Revive, to, _sedar_. Reward, _upah_, _pahala_. Rheumatism, _sakit tulang_, _sakit-angin_, _sengal_. Rhinoceros, _badak_; (rhinoceros-bird), _enggang_. Rib, _rusuk_. Ribbon, _fitah_. Rice, _b[)e]ras_; (boiled), _nasi_; (in the husk), _padi_; (parched), _bertih_. Rice-field, _sawah_, _bendang_; (upland), _umah_, _ladang_. Rich, _kaya_. Riches, _ka-kaya-an_, _harta_, _benda_. Riddle, _tekak-teki_. Ride, to, _naik_, _tunggang_. Ridge (rising ground), _permatang_; (of a roof), _bumbong-an_. Ridicule, to, _sindir_, _gonja_. Right (proper), _betul_, _benar_, _patut_. Right-hand, _kanan_. Rightly, _sa-betul-nia_, _sa-patut-nia_. Rigid (stiff), _tegar_, _kinchang_. Rim, _tepi_. Rind, _kulit_. Ring (to sound), _derang_, _ber-derang_. Ring, _chinchin_; (ornamental hoop on weapons, &c.), _simpei_. Ripe, _masak_. Rise, to, _bangun_, _bangkit_; (spring up), _timbul_, _tumboh_. River, _sungei_, _ayer_, _batang-hari_; (river-brink), _baroh_. Rivulet, _anak-sungei_, _anak-ayer_. Road, _jalan_; (path), _lurong_. Roadstead, _labuh-an_. Roam, to, _jajah_, _hanyut_, _ulang-pergi-datang_. Roar, to, _menganguh_. Roast, to, _panggang_. Rob, to, _rompak_, _rampas_, _samun_, _rebut_, _churi_. Robe (gown), _kabaya_. Rock, _batu_, _karang_. Rock, to (intrans.), _ayun_, _ber-ayun_, _goyang_, _ber-goyang_; (trans.), _ayun-kan_, _meng-ayun-kan_, _goyang-kan_, _meng-goyang-kan_. Roe (of fish), _telor-ikan_, _telor-t[)e]ru-buk_. Roll up, to, _gulong_, _meng-gulong_. Rolling, _guling_, _goleh_. Roof, _bumbong_; (of the mouth), _lalangit_. Room, _bilek_; (space), _legah_. Roost, to, _hinggap_, _tenggir_. Root, _akar_. Rope, _tali_. Rose, _mawar_; (rose-water), _ayer-mawar_. Rot, to, _reput_. Rotten, _burok_, _busuk_, _reput_. Rough, _kesap_, _kesat_, _k[)e]rutu_. Round, _bulat_, _buntar_. Roundabout, _keliling_. Rouse, to, _bangun-kan_, _g[)e]rak-kan_. Row, to, _dayong_, _ber-dayong_; (with paddles), _kayuh_, _ber-kayuh_. Rub, to, _gosok_, _sapu_, _urut_, _genyek_, _gesek_. Rubbish, _sampah_. Ruby, _dalima_. Rudder, _kamudi_. Rude, _kasar_. Ruin, to, _binasa_, _mem-binasa-kan_, _rosak_. Rule, to, _p[)e]rentah_, _memerentah_. Ruling-line, _benang-arang_. Rump, _punggong_, _pangkal-paha_. Run, to, _lari_; (as water), _me-leleh_, _meng-alir_. Run against (collide), _himpit_, _timpah_. Rupee, _rupiyah_. Rush at, to, _terkam_, _menerkam_. Rust, _karat_. S. Sack, _karong_, _goni_. Sacrifice, to, _mem-p[)e]las_. Sad, _susah-hati_, _duka-chita_. Saddle, _zin_, _palana_, _sela_. Safe, _salamat_, _sajehtra_. Saffron, _kuniet_, _kumkuma_. Sagacious, _cherdek_, _bijak_. Sago, _sagu_. Sail (of a vessel), _layar_; (to sail), _ber-layar_. Sailor, _matros_, _khalasi_. Saint, _wali_, _oulia_. Salary, _gaji_, _upah_. Sale, _jual-b[)e]li_. Saliva, _ayer liyor_. Salt, _garam_; (in taste), _masin_, _asin_. Saltpetre, _sendawa_. Salutation, _tabek_, _salam_. Salute, to, _b[)e]ri salam_, _minta tabek_. Same, _sama_, _sarupa_. Sand, _pasir_. Sandbank, _beting_. Sandalwood, _chandana_. Sap, _getah_, _aris_. Sash, _salendang_, _tali-pinggang_. Satisfied, _puas_, _kiniang_. Sauce, _kuah_. Saucer, _piring_. Savage, _liyar_, _buas_. Save, to, _simpan_, _mengimpan_; (be sparing), _jimat_. Savoury, _sedap_. Saw, _gergaji_. Say, to, _kata_, _mengata-kan_. Scald, to, _chelor_. Scale (of a fish), _sisik_. Scales, _daching_, _naracha_. Scar, _parut_. Scarce, _jarang_. Scarf, _salendang_, _salimpei_. Scarlet, _merah-tuah_. Scatter, to, _tabur_, _menabur-kan_. Scent, _bau_, _bau-bau-an_. Scheme, _jalan_, _hikmat_. Scholar (pupil), _murid_. School, _tampat-belajar_. Science, _`ilmu_. Scissors, _gunting_. Scold, to, _maki_, _ber-tingkar_. Score, _kodi_. Scorpion, _kala-jengking_. Scrape, to, _kikis_, _parang_. Scraper, _kukur-an_. Scratch, to, _garu_, _chakar_. Scream, to, _tampik_, _ber-t[)e]riak_. Screen, _tirei_, _bidei_. Screen (to protect), _me-lindong-kan_. Screw, _paku pulas_. Scull, _tengkorak_. Scum, _buih_. Scurf, _kedal_, _kurap_. Sea, _laut_, _laut-an_. Seal (signet), _chap_, _matrei_. Sealing-wax, _lak_. Seam, _jahit-an_. Sea-shore, _pantei_, _tepi-laut_. Sea-sick, _mabuk-ombak_. Season, _musim_. Search, to, _chahari_, _bongkar_, _men-chahari_, _siasat_, _salongkar_. Seat, _ka-duduk-an_. Sea-weed, _bunga-karang_. Secret, _rahusia_. Secrete, to, _sembunyi-kan_. Secretly, _churi-churi_. Security, bail, _aku-an_, _tanggong-an_. See, to, _tengok_, _lihat_, _pandang_. Seed, _biji_, _b[)e]nih_. Seed-plot, nursery, _semai_. Seek, to, _chahari_. Seize, to, _pegang_, _tangkap_. Seldom, _jarang_. Select, to, _pilih_, _memilih_. Self, _diri_, _sendiri_, _kendiri_. Sell, to, _jual_, _men-jual_. Send, to, _kirim_, _hantar_. Sense, _`a[k.]al_; (meaning), _ma`ana_. Senses (the five), _pancha-indra_. Sentence, to, _hukum-kan_, _putus-kan hukum_. Sentry, _penungguh_. Separate, to, _asing-kan_, _cherei-kan_; (distinguish), _per-lain-kan_. Sepoy, _sipahi_. Serious, _b[)e]rat_. Serpent, _ular_. Servant, _budak_, _orang-gaji_, _pen-jawat_. Serve (to wait on), _me-layan_. Service (employment), _pegang-an_, _tanggong-an_. Serviceable, _ber-guna_. Set (to place, put), _letak_, _buboh_, _taroh_; (to set out, depart), _berangkat_. Settle, to, _s[)e]l[)a]si_; (to fix, decide), _tetap-kan_. Several, _baniak juga_. Severe, _k[)e]ras_. Sew, to, _jahit_, _menjahit_, _jaib_, _men-jaib_. Shade, _t[)e]doh_, _naung_, _per-naung-an_. Shadow, _bayang_, _bayang-bayang_. Shady, _ber-tedoh_, _ber-lindong_. Shaft (of a weapon), _hulu_. Shake, to, _goyang_, _gonchang_; (hands), _jabat tangan_. Shallow, _chetek_, _tohor_; (of a plate or vessel), _cheper_. Sham, _pura-pura_. Shame, _malu_. Shape, _rupa_, _sifat_. Share, _habu-an_, _bahagi-an_. Shark, _hiyu_, _ikan hiyu_. Sharp, _tajam_. Sharpen, to, _asah_, _chanai_, _tajam-kan_; (by paring or cutting), _ranchong_. Shatter, to, _r[)e]mok_, _r[)e]dam_. Shave, to, _chukor_. Sheath, _sarong_. Shed, _bangsal_, _pondok_, _teratak_, _jambar_. Sheep, _kambing biri-biri_. Sheet, _kain selimut_. Shell, _siput_; (rind or covering), _kulit_; (cocoanut), _tempurong_; (missile), _priuk-api_. Shepherd, _gambala_. Shew, to, _tunjok_, _unjok_. Shield, _p[)e]risai_. Shift (to change), _alih_, _mengalih_. Shin, _tulang-k[)e]ring_. Shine, to, _ber-sinar_, _ber-kilat_. Ship, _kapal_, _prahu_. Shipwrecked, _karam_. Shirt, _kameja_. Shiver, to, _gatar_, _mengatar_. Shoal, _beting_. Shock (start), _k[)e]jut_. Shoe, _kasut_, _sapatu_; (-horn), _pengijah-kasut_. Shoot, to, _tembak_, _menembak membedil_; (an arrow), _panah_, _memanah_; (sprout), _tumboh_. Shop, _kedei_; (to keep a), _ber-kedei_. Shore (beach), _pantei_; (to go on shore), _naik di darat_; (prop), _sokong_. Short, _pendek_, _pandak_; (in quantity), _korang_. Shot, small, _kachang-kachang_, _pengabur_. Shoulder, _bahu_. Shout, _sorak_, _s[)e]ru_, _tampik_. Shove, to, _tolak_, _sorong_. Shower, _hujan_. Shred, to, _hiris_. Shriek, to, _mekik_, _pekik_, _men-jerit_. Shrill, _nyaring_, _ranang_. Shrimp, _hudang_. Shrink, to, shrivel, _kechut_, _kerukut_. Shroud, _kapan_. Shut, to, _tutop_, _katop_; (the eyes), _pejam_, _kejam_. Shy, _liyar_. Sick (ill), _sakit_, _g[)e]ring_; (sea-sick), _mabuk-ombak_; (to vomit), _muntah_. Sickle, _sabit_, _pengetam_. Side, _rusuk_; (one--), _sa-b[)e]lah_. Sieve, _nyiru_. Sift, to, _ayak_, _ayak-kan_. Sigh, to, _keluh_, _mengeluh_. Sight, _peng-lihat-an_, _pandang-an_. Sign (token), _`alamat_, _tanda_. Sign, to, _turun tanda tangan_. Signature, _tanda tangan_, _khat_. Signet, _chap_, _matrei_. Signification, _ma`ana_. Silent, _diam_, _sengap_. Silk, _sutra_. Silly, _bodoh_, _bingong_. Silver, _perak_. Similar, _sama_. Simply, _sahaja_, _chuma_. Sin, _dosa_. Since, _sa-peninggal_. Sincere, _suchi hati_, _ekhlas_. Sinew, _urat_. Sing, to, _nyanyi_, _me-nyanyi_. Single, solitary, _tunggal_; (alone), _sa'orang_. Sink, to, _tinggalam_, _karam_. Sinuous (winding), _kelo-kelo_. Sip, to, _hisap_, _hirup_. Sister, _sudara perampuan_; (elder), _kakah_; (younger), _adek_; (in-law), _ipar_. Sit, to, _duduk_; (with the legs crossed), _ber-sila_; (with the feet hanging down), _ber-juntei_; (resting on the left arm with the left leg under the right), _ber-tempuh_; (to squat), _ber-jongkok_, _ber-tenggong_, _menyeranggong_. Site, _tampat_. Size, _besar_. Skein, _tukal_. Skate, _ikan-pari_. Skewer, _penyuchuk_. Skill, _ka-pandei-an_. Skin, _kulit_; (hide), _belulang_. Skin (to flay), _kupas_, _kelupas_. Skip, to, _me-lompat_. Skirt (of a garment), _puncha_. Sky, _langit_. Slab (of tin), _keping_; (small), _jung-kong_. Slack, _kundor_. Slander, _fitnah_. Slanting, _miring_, _chondong_, _singet_. Slap, _tampar_, _tempiling_. Slave, _hamba_, _sahaya_. Sleep, to, _tidor_, _lena_, _ber-adu_. Sleeve, _tangan-baju_. Slender, _nipis_; (in the waist), _ramping_. Slice, to, _hiris_, _meng-hiris_. Slice, a, _sa'potong_. Slip, to, _t[)e]g[)a]lichik_, _kalichik_, _gelinchir_, _kelinchir_. Slippery, _lichin_, _linchin_. Slit, to, _b[)e]lah_, _mem-b[)e]lah_. Slow, _lambat_, _perlahan_. Small, _k[)e]chil_, _halus_. Small-pox, _chachar_, _ka-tumboh_. Smart, to, _pedih_. Smear, to, _lumur_, _lumas_, _chalit_. Smell, _bau_; (to smell), _chium_. Smelt, to, _l[)e]bur_. Smile, to, _sinnyum_. Smith, _tukang_. Smoke, _asap_. Smooth, _lichin_; (level), _rata_. Smother, _lemas-kan_. Snail, _unam_, _kelambui_. Snake, _ular_. Snare, _rachik_. Snarl, to, _kerennyut_, _kerising_, _gerennying_. Snatch, to, _rebut_, _me-rebut_, _sentak_, _rampas_. Sneer, to, _sindir_. Sneeze, to, _bersin_. Snipe, _tetiru_, _berkik_. Snivel, _ingus_. Snore, to, _meng[)e]rok_, _dengkor_, _melengkor_. So, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _damikian_. Soak, to, _rendam_. Soap, _sabun_. Soar (to fly), _melayang_. Sob, to, _isak_; (sobbing), _ter-isak-isak-an_. Society (community), _jumaha_. Soft, _lemak_, _lumbut_. Solder, _pat[)e]ri_, (to solder), _pat[)e]ri-kan_. Soldier, _sipahi_, _soldado_. Sole (of the foot), _tapak-kaki_; (fish), _ikan lidah_. Sometimes, _kadang-kadang_. Son, _anak laki-laki_, _anak-jantan_. Song, _nyanyi_, _lagu_, _gurindam_. Soon, _sa-buntar-lagi_. Soot, _arang-para_. Sop, to, _chichah_. Sore (ulcer), _puru_; (wound), _luka_; (painful), _sakit_, _pedih_. Sorrow, _ka-duka-an_, _duka-chita_, _ka-susah-an_, _susah-hati_. Sorry, _susah-hati_. Sort, _bagei_, _macham_, _rupa_, _jenis_. Soul, _nyawa_, _jiwa_, _ru[h.]_. Sound (noise), _bunyi_. Sour, _asam_, _masam_. South, _selatan_; (south-east), _tang-gara_; (south-west), _barat-daya_. Sow, to, _tabur_, _menabur_. Space, _lapang_. Spade, _peng-gali_. Span, _jingkal_. Sparing (parsimonious), _kikir_. Spark, _bunga-api_. Sparrow, _burong-pipit_. Speak, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata_, _ber-tutur_; (to speak to, address), _tegor_, _siapa-kan_. Spear, _lembing_, _tombak_. Speck, _titik_. Speckled, _rintik_, _be-rintik_. Spectacles, _chermin-mata_. Spell (incantation), _mantra_. Spell, to, _eja_. Spend, to, _b[)e]lanja_. Spices, _rampak-rampak_. Spider, _laba-laba_, _lawa-lawa_. Spill, to, _tumpah_, _menumpah_. Spin, to, _pintal_. Spinach, _bayam_. Spinster, _bujang_. Spirit (soul), _nyawa_, _ruh_, _samangat_. Spirits (ardent), _arak_. Spit (skewer), _penyuchuk_. Spit, to, _ludah_. Spite, _sakit-hati_, _kechil-hati_, _dingki_. Splash, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_. Spleen, _limpa-kechil_. Splinter, _serupih_, _tatal_. Split, to, _b[)e]lah_, _mem-b[)e]lah_. Spoil, to, _rosak_, _binasa_. Spoon, _sendok_, _suduk_. Sponge, _bunga-karang_. Spotted, _ber-rintik_. Spout, _panchur_. Sprain, _salah-urat_. Spray (driving rain), _tempias_. Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c.), _hampar_, _bentang_; (as fire or infection), _jangkit_, _ber-jangkit_, _melarat_. Spring (of water), _mata-ayer_. Spring (to germinate), _tumboh_; (issue forth), _timbul_, _terbit_. Sprinkle, to, _perchik_, _memerchik_; (to water), _seram_. Sprout, _tunas_. Spur, _taji_. Spy, _solo_; (to spy), _intei_; (spy-glass), _t[)e]ropong_. Squander, to, _mem-boros-kan_. Square, _ampat-pesagi_. Squat down, to, _ber-jungkok_. Squeeze, to, _apit_, _tindih_; (wring, squeeze out), _p[)e]rah_. Squint, _juling_. Squirrel, _tupei_. Stab, to, _tikam_, _menikam_. Stable (firm), _kukuh_, _t[)e]tap_; (for horses), _bangsal-kuda_. Stagger, to, _chondong-ruyong_, _layah-siak_, _me-ruyong_. Stagnant, _tenang_. Stairs, _tangga_. Stake, post, _panchang_. Stake (to wager), _ber-taroh_. Stale (musty), _basi_. Stalk, _tangkei_. Stammer, to, _gagap_. Stamp (to trample), _injak_, _jijak_, _pijak_, _terajang_; (impress), _chap-kan_. Stand, to, _ber-diri_. Star, _bintang_. Stare, to, _renong_. Startled, _ter-kejut_. Starve, to, _mati-lapar_. Station (rank), _pangkat_. Stay (to dwell), _tinggal_, _diam_; (wait), _nanti_, _tangguh_. Steady, _tetap_, _tegoh_, _kukuh_. Steal, to, _churi_. Steam, _hawap_; (to cook by), _kukus_. Steel, _baja_. Steep, _tega_, _terjal_. Steep (to dip), _chelop_. Steer, to, _pegang kamudi_. Steersman, _juru-mudi_. Step (stride), _langkah_. Stepfather, _bapa tiri_. Stern (of a vessel), _burit-an_. Stew, to, _tumis_. Stick (walking), _tongkat_. Stick (to adhere), _lekat_; (to be obstructed), _sangkut_. Stiff, _kaku_. Sting, to, _singat_. Stingy, _kikir_, _chikil_, _bakhil_. Stink, _bau-busuk_. Stir, to, _g[)e]rak_. Stitch, _jerumat_. Stockade, _kubu_. Stocking, _sarong-kaki_. Stocks, _pasong_. Stomach, _p[)e]rut_. Stone, _batu_. Stool, _bangko_. Stoop, to, _tundok_. Stop (to cease), _ber-hinti_; (hinder), _tahan_, _tegah_; (intercept), _ampang_, _adang_; (stop up, plug), _sumbat_. Stopper, _penyumbat_. Store, warehouse, _g[)e]dong_. Stork, _bangau_. Storm, _ribut_. Story, _cheritra_; (of a house), _tingkat_. Straight, _betul_, _lurus_. Strain (to filter), _tapis_. Strait (of the sea), _selat_. Strange (curious), _pelik_; (wonderful), _`ajaib_. Stranger, _orang-dagang_. Strangle, to, _pujut_. Stray (wandering), _jalang_; (to lose the way), _sesat_. Stream (river), _sungei_; (current), _harus_. Street, _jalan_, _lorong_. Strength, _kuasa_, _[k.]uat_. Strengthen, to, _menegoh-kan_. Stretch (to spread out), _bentang_; (the limbs), _melunjur_; (in yawning), _mengelisah_. Strew, to, _hambur-kan_. Strict, _k[)e]ras_. Stride, _langkah_. Strike, to, _pukul_, _gasak_, _palu_. String, _tali_, _utas_. Strip, to, _tanggal-kan_. Striped, _b[)e]lang_, _ber-choring_. Stripped (naked), _telanjang_. Stroke, _sa'kali pukul_, _sa'kali takuk_.[2] [Footnote 2: There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our word "stroke" or "blow," the idea of distinguishing the blow struck from the act of striking not having suggested itself to the native mind. "So many blows" must be translated, "struck so many times." He was sentenced to twenty stripes with a rattan, _K[)e]na hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali_. So-and-so can cut down a _nibong_ tree in three strokes, _Kalau si-anu tebang pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang_.] Stroke, to, _raba_, _urut_. Strong, _[k.]uat_, _gagah_; (violent), _k[)e]ras_, _d[)e]ras_. Struggle, to, _lawan_, _ber-gumul_. Stubborn, _kapala-k[)e]ras_, _degil_. Studious (diligent), _rajin_. Study (learning), _pelajar-an_, _pengan-an_; (to study), _bel-ajar_, _meng-aji_. Stumble (to trip, knock against something), _antuk ter-antuk_, _sen-tuk_. Stump (of a tree), _tunggul_. Stupid, _bodoh_, _bingong_, _babal_. Stupefied, _bius_. (See _note_, p. 112.) Subject (subordinate to), _ta`aluk_; (matter, purport), _fasal_, _buku_, _bunyi_; (citizen), _ra`iyat_. Submit, to, _tunduk_; (refer for decision), _s[)e]mbah-kan_, _meny[)e]mbah-kan_. Substitute, _ganti_. Subtract, to, _tolak_, _chabut_. Succeed (to take the place of), _meng-ganti_; (to answer), _jadi_. Succession (inheritance), _pusaka_. Such, _bagini_, _bagitu_, _yang dami-kian_. Suck, to, _hisap_, _hirup_; (the breast), _mam susu_. Suddenly, _sa-kunyong-kunyong_. Suet, _lemak_. Suffer (to endure), _tahan_, _tanggong_. Sufficient, _chukup_. Sugar, _gula_, _shakar_; (moist), _gula-pasir_; (sugar-candy), _gula-batu_; (sugar-cane), _tebu_. Suicide, _bunoh-diri_. Suit (cause), _bichara_, _da`wa_. Suitable, _padan_, _patut_, _harus_. Sulky, _muka-masam_, _merajuk_. Sulphur, _b[)a]lirang_. Sumatra, _pulau-percha_. Summit, _merchu_, _puchuk_, _kamunchak_. Summon (to call out the peasantry), _k[)e]rah_, _meng[)e]rah_; (to cite), _panggil_. Sun, _mata-hari_. Sunrise, _mata-hari naik_, _terbit-mata-hari_. Sunset, _mata-hari turun_, _masok mata-hari_. Sundry, _ber-bagei-bagei_. Supercargo, _tukang peta_. Superintend, to, _p[)e]rentah_, _mem[)e]-rentah_. Supine (lying face upwards), _telentang_. Supple, _lemah_. Supplies, _bakal_, _pelabur_. Support, to, _tahan_, _tanggong_; (prop), _sokong_. Sure, _tuntu_, _tetap_. Surety (security), _aku-an_. Surfeited, _jemu_. Surpass, to, _lalu_, _lampau_. Surplus, _ka-lebeh-an_. Surprised, _heiran_, _ter-chengang_. Surrender, to, _s[)e]rah-kan_. Surround, to, _kepong_, _mengeliling kan_. Suspect, to, _menaroh shak_. Suspicion, _shak hati_. Swaddle, to, _b[)e]dong_. Swallow (a bird), _layang-layang_; (to swallow), _t[)e]lan_. Swamp, _paya_, _redang_. Swear, to, _sumpah_, _ber-sumpah_. Sweat, _p[)e]luh_. Sweep, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_. Sweet, _manis_; (fragrant), _harum_, _wangi_. Sweetheart, _kakasih_. Sweetmeats, _manis-an_, _halwa_. Sweet potatoes, _keledek_. Swell, to, _bengkak_. Swift, _laju_, _lantas_, _d[)e]ras_. Swim, to, _ber[)e]nang_. Swindle, to, _tipu_, _kechek_. Swing, a, _buayan_, _indul_; (to swing), _melenggang_, _ayun_. Swoon, to, _pengsan_. Swoop, to, _sambar_, _menyambar_. Sword, _pedang_. Sympathise, _ber-serta_. T. Table, _meja_. Tablecloth, _kain-meja_. Tack (to sew), _jahit_, _jaib_; (nautical term), _beluk_. Tail, _ekor_. Tailor, _tukang-jaib_. Take, to, _ambil_; (away), _angkat_, _bawa-pergi_. Tale, _cheritra_. Talk, to, _ber-chakap_, _ber-kata-kata_. Talkative, _mulut-panjang_. Tall, _tinggi_. Tamarind, _asam-jawa_. Tame, _jinak_. Tangled, _kusut_, _ter-kusut_. Tap, to, _tepuk_, _ketok_. Tap-root, _umbi_, _akar-susu_. Target, _sasar_, _sasar-an_. Taste, _rasa_. Tasteless, _tawar_. Tax, _chukei_. Tea, _teh_, _cha_, _daun-teh_, _daun-cha_, _ayer-teh_, _ayer-cha_. Teapot, _teh-kwan_. Teach, to, _ajar_, _meng-ajar_. Teak, _kayu jati_. Teal, _b[)e]libis_. Tear, to, _koyak_, _charik_, _rabit_. Tears, _ayer-mata_. Tease, to, _usik_, _sakat_, _menyakat_. Teeth, _gigi_. Telescope, _t[)e]ropong_. Tell, to, _khabar-kan_, _bilang_, _b[)e]ri-tahu_. Temper, _p[)e]rangei_. Tempest, _ribut_. Temples, the, _p[)e]lipis_. Tend, to, _tunggu_, _jaga_. Tender (to offer), _unjuk-kan_. Tendon, _urat_. Tenor (purport), _bunyi_, _harti_. Terrible, _ng[)e]ri_. Test, to, _choba_; (metals), _uji_. Tether to, _tambat_. Thatch, _atap_. Then, _waktu itu_, _tatkala itu_, _pada masa itu_. There, _sana_, _situ_, _di-sana_, _di-situ_. Therefore, _karana itu_, _sebab itu_. Thick, _t[)e]bal_; (in consistency), _kental_; (turbid), _k[)e]roh_; (close together), _k[)e]rap_, _lebat_. Thief, _penchuri_. Thigh, _paha_. Thimble, _sarong-jari_, _didal_. Thin, _nipis_, _halus_; (lean), _kurus_. Thing, _barang_, _b[)e]nda_, _mata-b[)e]nda_. Think, to, _fikir_, _pikir_, _kira_, _sangka_. Thirst, thirsty, _haus_, _dahaga_. Thorn, _duri_. Though, _wolo_, _lamun-kan_, _masa-kan_. Thought, _pikir-an_, _pe-rasa-an_. Thrash, to, _balun_, _godam_, _gasak_. Thread, _b[)e]nang_. Threaten, to, _ugut_. Thrifty, _jimat_. Throat (outside), _leher_; (inside), _rungkong_. Throb, to, _d[)e]bar_, _ber-d[)e]bar_. Throne, _takhta_, _singgahsana_. Through, _t[)e]rus_. Throw, to, _lempar_, _baling_; (away), _champak_, _buang_. Thumb, _ibu-jari_. Thunder, _guntur_, _guroh_. Thunderbolt, _panah-halilintar_. Tickle, to, _g[)e]li_. Tide (flood), _ayer-pasang_; (ebb), _ayer-surut_; (current), _harus_. Tie, to, _ikat_, _tambat_. Tier (row), _baris_, _pangkat_, _saf_. Tiger, _harimau_, _rimau_. Tight, _t[)e]gang_, _ketat_, _chekang_. Tiles (roofing), _ginting_. Timber, _kayu_; (balk), _balak_; (tree), _pokok-kayu_. Time, _waktu_, _katika_, _masa_; (opportunity), _sampat_, _dan_. Timid, _takut_. Tin, _timah_, _timah-puteh_. Tinder, _rabok_. Tinsel, _p[)e]rada_. Tipsy, _mabuk_. Tired, _p[)e]nat_, _l[)e]lah_. Title, _g[)e]lar-an_. Toad, _kangkong_. Toast, to, _panggang_. Tobacco, _tembakau_. To-day, _hari-ini_. Toddy, _tuak_. Toe, _jari-kaki_. Together, _sama_, _sama-sama_, _serta_. Token, _`alamat_, _tanda_. Toll, _chukei_. Tomb, _[k.]ubur_; (place of visitation), _k[)a]ramat_.[3] [Footnote 3: _K[)a]ramat_, a tomb, place, person, or thing of reputed sanctity; a corruption of the words _ka rahmat_, "to the mercy," which occur in the phrase, _Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah_, "Has returned to the mercy of God," _i.e._, has died.] To-morrow, _esok_, _besok_; (morning), _besok-pagi_. Tone, _bunyi_. Tongs, _peny[)e]pit_. Tongue, _lidah_. Tools, _pekakas_. Tooth, _gigi_; (-pick), _pen-chunkil-gigi_. Top, _kapala_; (summit), _puchuk_, _kamunchak_. Torch, _damar_, _suluh_. Torment, _sangsara_. Torrent, _ayer-d[)e]ras_; (of tears), _sebak_. Tortoise, _kora-kora_, _labi-labi_; (-shell), _sisik-pennyu_. Torture, _tuwas_. Toss, to, _me-lanting_. Total, _jumlah_, _kumpul-an_. Touch, to, _chekoh_, _jabat_, _suntoh_. Touchstone, _batu-uji_. Tow, to, _tunda_. Towards, _ara ka-_, _hala ka-_, _tuju ka-_. Towel, _sapu-tangan_. Town, _negri_, _bandar_. Toy, _per-main-an_. Trace, _b[)a]kas_; (foot-mark), _b[)a]kas-kaki_. Trade, _per-nyaga-an_; (to carry on), _ber-nyaga_, _menyaga_. Trader, _sudagar_. Tradition, _cheritra orang tuah-tuah_. Trample, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _terajang_. Transcribe, to, _salin-kan_, _turun-kan_. Translate, to, _salin_, _tarjamah_, _turun-kan_, _pindah-kan_. Transplant, to, _alih_, _pindah-kan_. Transparent, _jerneh_, _hening_. Transverse, _lentang_. Trap, _perangkap_; (bird-), _rachik_; (set with a spear or sharp stake for larger animals), _belantik_. Trappings, _per-hias-an_. Tray, _dulang_; (round), _talam_. Tread, to, _pijak_, _jijak_, _injak_. Treasury, _khazanah_. Treaty, _per-janji-an_. Tree, _pokok_, _pohun_; (a dead tree), _punggor_; (a fallen tree), _r[)e]bah_. Tremble, to, _k[)e]tar_, _meng[)e]tar_. Trench, _parit_. Tribe, _suku_. Trick (to cheat), _kichau_, _kechek_. Trickle, _titik_, _menitik_. Trim (to arrange), _andam_, _meng-andam_; (balance), _timbang_. Troop (company, flock), _kawan_. Trouble, _ka-susah-an_; (misfortune, calamity), _bala_, _malang_, _mara-bahaya_; (difficulty), _ka-sukar-an_. Trough, _palong_. Trousers, _saluar_, _sarual_, _chalana_. True, _b[)e]nar_, _sungguh_, _b[)e]tul_. Trunk (of a tree), _batang_; (of an elephant), _belalei_. Trust (to confide), _harap_, _perchaya_. Try, to, _choba_; (judicially), _p[)a]re[k.]sa_. Tub, _tong_. Tumble, to, _jatoh_, _rebah_. Tune, _lagu_, _ragam_. Turban, _sarban_, _dastar_, _tangkolo_. Turn (to go round), _ber-pusing_, _ber-paling_; (to cause to move round), _mem-pusing_; (over), _balik-kan_. Turtle, _pennyu_. Tusk, _siong_, _taring_; (of an elephant), _gading_. Twig, _dahan_, _ranting_. Twinkle, to, _k[)e]jap_, _k[)e]lip_. Twilight (morning), _dina-hari_; (evening), _senja-kala_. Twin, _kambar_. Twine (cord), _tali-rami_. Twist, to, _pulas_, _pintal_. Tyrannical, _zalim_. U. Ugly, _uduh_, _buruk_. Ulcer, _puru_. Umbrella, _payong_. Uncertain, _ta' tuntu_. Uncle, _bapa-sudara_, _pa-penakan_. Uncover, _buka_, _mem-buka_. Under, _bawah_, _di-bawah_. Understand, _mengarti_. Underwood, _b[)e]lukar_. Undress, to, _tanggal kain baju_, _buka pakei-an_. Unfortunate, _chelaka_, _nasib ta' baik_. Unhappy, _susah-hati_. Unite, to, _hubong_, _rapat-kan_. Universe, _`alam_. Unless, _hania_, _melain-kan_. Unload, to, _bongkar_, _punggah_. Unlucky, _chelaka_, _malang_. Unmannerly, _kasar_, _be-adab_. Unmarried, _bujang_. Untie, to, _rungkei_, _luchut-kan_. Until, _sampei_, _hingga_. Untrue, _bohong_, _dusta_. Up, _atas_, _di-atas_, _ka-atas_; (up to, as high as), _arah_, _[h.]ad_. Upside down, _ter-balik_. Urine, _ayer-kinching_. Usage, _`adat_. Use, _guna_; (to use), _pakei_, _per-guna-kan_. Useful, _ber-guna_. Utter, to, _sebut_, _meng-uchap_. V. Vacant, _kosong_. Vagabond, _bangsat_. Vain, conceited, _kachak_, _bisi_, _sombong_; (fruitless), _sia-sia_, _chuma_. Valiant, _gagah_, _b[)e]rani_, _perkasa_. Valley, _lembah_, _lurah_. Valuable, _endah_, _ber-harga_. Value (to appraise), _nilai_. Vanish, to, _linyap_, _ghraib_. Vanquish, to, _alah-kan_; (vanquished), _alah_. Vapour, _hawap_. Variegated, _pancha-warna_; (striped), _ber-choring_. Various, _ber-bagei-bagei_, _ber-jenis-jenis_. Vary (to alter), _ubah_; (differ), _ber-lain_, _ber-beda_. Vast, _luas_. Vegetables, _sayur_. Veil, _kain-selubong_. Veiled, _ber-selubong_. Vein, _urat-darah_. Velvet, _beludu_; (of a deer's antlers), _saput_. Vengeance, _balas_; (animosity, desire of vengeance), _damdam_. Venom, _bisa_. Verandah, _serambi_. Verily, _sa-sunggoh-nia_. Vermin (insect), _tuma_. Verse, _sloka_; (text), _ayat_. Vex, to, _usik_, _menyusah-kan_. Victory, _jaya_. Village, _kampong_, _dusun_. Vinegar, _chuka_. Violate, to, _rugul_, _me-rugul_. Virgin, _anak-dara_. Visit, to, _ber-tandang_. Vizier, _wazir_. Voice, _suara_. Volcano, _gunong ber-api_. Volume, _jilit_. Vomit, to, _muntah_. Voracious, _g[)e]lujuh_. Vow, _niat_; (to fulfill a vow), _bayar niat_, _lepas niat_. Vowel-points, _baris_. Voyage, _pe-layar-an_. Vulgar, _hina_. Vulture, _hering_. W. Wade, to, _meng-arung_, _me-randai_. Wages, _gaji_, _upah_. Wail, to, _ratap_. Waist, _pinggang_; (waist-belt), _tali-pinggang_, _tali-pending_. Waist-buckle, _pending_. Wait, to, _nanti_, _tangguh_. Wake, to, _jaga_, _ber-jaga_. Waken, to, _men-jaga-kan_, _bangun-kan_, _g[)e]rak-kan_. Walk, to, _jalan_, _ber-jalan_; (on all fours), _me-rangkak_. Walking-stick, _tongkat_. Wall, _dinding_, _tembok_. Wallow, to, _meng-g[)e]lumang_. Wander, to, _ber-hanyut_. Want (necessity), _ka-korang-an_; (to want), _handak_, _mahu_, _ber-ka-handak_. Wanton, _gatal_. War, _p[)e]rang_. Ward off, to, _tangkis_. Warehouse, _g[)e]dong_. Warm, _panas_, _hangat_; (to warm oneself at a fire), _ber-diang_. Wash, to, _basoh_. Wasp, _tabuan_, _peningat_. Waste (to squander), _burus_. Watch, _jam_, _harloji_, _urulis_; (to watch), _jaga_, _tunggu_, _kawal_; (expectantly), _me-langut_. Water, _ayer_. Waterfall, _ayer-terjun_, _ayer-lata_. Water-melon, _temikei_. Waterpot, _buyong_, _kindi_. Wave, _ombak_, _gelumbang_; (to wave), _kirap_, _k[)e]lebat_. Wax, _lilin_; (sealing wax), _lak_. Weak, _l[)e]mah_, _leteh_. Wealth, _ka-kaya-an_. Weapon, _senjata_. Wear, to, _pakei_. Weary, _leteh_, _lesu_, _p[)e]nat_. Weather (climate), _angin_. Weave, to, _t[)e]nun_. Web (spider's), _sarang-laba-laba_. Wedge, _baji_. Week, _juma`at_, _minggu_. Weep, to, _tangis_, _menangis_. Weigh, to, _timbang_; (anchor), _bongkar-sauh_. Weighty, _b[)e]rat_. Welcome, to, _tegor_, _meng-elu_. Well, _t[)e]laga_, _p[)e]rigi_; (-born), _bang-sawan_; (-bred), _bastari_, _ber-budi_. West, _barat_, _mata-hari-jatoh_, _maghrib_. Wet, _basah_. Whale, _paus_. Wheat, _gandum_. Wheel, _roda_. Whet, to, _asak_, _chanai_. Whetstone, _batu-asah_. While, _s[)e]dang_, _salagi_, _sambil_. Whip, _chabuk_, _chamti_. Whiskers, _misei_. Whisper, to, _bisek_, _ber-bisek_. Whistle, to, _siul_. White, _puteh_. Whole, _sumua_, _chukup_. Wick, _sumbu_. Wicked, _jahat_. Wide, _lebar_, _luas_; (not closed), _renggang_. Widow, _janda_, _balu_. Widower, _balu laki-laki_. Wife, _bini_, _istri_, _perampuan_. Wild, _liar_. Will, _ka-handak_, _harap_, _harap-hati_, _ka-handak-hati_; (testament), _wasiyat_. Willing, _sudi_, _suka_, _mahu_. Win, to, _m[)e]nang_. Wind, _angin_; (to wind), _balut_, _lilit_, _putar_, _pusing_. Window, _jandela_, _tingkap_. Windpipe, _rungkong_. Wine, _anggur_. Wing, _sayap_, _kepak_. Wink, to, _kejap_, _kelip_. Winnow, to, _tampik_. Wipe, to, _sapu_, _menyapu_. Wire, _kawat_, _dawei_. Wisdom, _ka-pandei-an_, _bijaksana_. Wise, _pandei_, _bijak_, _cherdek_. Wish, to, _handak_, _mahu_, _harap_, _niat-hati_, _ber-ka-handak_. Withdraw, to, _undur_. Wither, to, _layu_. Withhold, to, _tahan_, _tahan-kan_. Witness, _sa[k.]si_. Woe, _duka_. Woman, _perampuan_, _betina_. Womb, _p[)e]rut_. Wonder, to, _ber-chengang_, _heiran_. Wonderful, _`ajaib_. Wood, _kayu_; (a wood), _hutan_, _b[)e]lukar_. Woodpecker, _belatok_. Wood-pigeon, _tekukur_. Wool, _bulu_. Word, _sa'patah chakap_, _per-kata-an_. Work, _karja_; (to work), _buat karja_, _karja-kan_, _mengarja-kan_. Workman, _tukang_. World, _dunia_. Worm, _chaching_, _hulat_. Worship, to, _sembahyang_, _puja_. Worth, _harga_, _laku_. Worthy, _mustehik_. Wound, _luka_; (open), _liang_. Wrap, to, _balut_, _bungkus-an_. Wrecked, _karam_. Wrench open, to, _umpil_, _sungkit_. Wrestle, to, _ber-gumul_. Write, to, _tulis_, _menulis_, _menyurat_. Wrinkle, wrinkled, _k[)e]rut_, _kerukut_, _keretut_. Wrist, _peng-g[)e]lang-an_. Writer, _juru-tulis_. Wrong, _salah_, _silap_. Y. Yam, _ubi_. Yard, _ela_. Yawn, to, _meng-uwap_. Year, _tahun_. Yearly, _sa-tahun-tahun_. Yearn, to, _rindu_, _dendam_. Yeast, _ragi_. Yellow, _kuning_. Yesterday, _kalmarin_; (the day before --), _kalmarin dahulu_. Yet, _lagi_. Yoke, _koh_. Yolk (of an egg), _kuning-telor_. Young, _muda_. Youth, a, _budak_. Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ERRATA (noted by transcriber) Minor errors in punctuation, such as missing periods (full stops) at the end of a sentence, were silently corrected. In the tables of Sanskrit derivations, all citations from Sir William Jones were missing the closing parenthesis. The spellings "Tamil" and "Tamul" are used interchangeably. Hyphenization is as in the original. Note that in modern written Malay, hyphens are generally not used except in duplications such as "siapa-siapa". In the Vocabulary list, a few commas after parentheses were silently supplied. _Tong-kat_ a walking-stick, &c. [_text unchanged: other words in this list use spelling "Tang-_"] _Ap_ ... a{lap} [_text unchanged: error for "al{ap}" with non-italic "l"?_] _Sejarah Malayu_ [_later spelled "Sâjarah"_] the difference between _cold_ and _a cold_ [_text has "differ-/rence" at line break_] _ka-puji-an_, praise [_second hyphen missing or invisible_] Pronouns: _T[)e]man_ (lit. companion). [T[)e]an] _Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti `adat_, [_text has Greek alpha with rough breathing for `a_] PART I: XI. PARTICLES. [X.] Lesson IV. ... to play, _main_. [maln] Printed ... Edinburgh & London [_text from 8th edn.; 10th edn. changes to "at Paul's Work, Edinburgh"] Montaigne quotation Je n'en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s'usent ... [_Passage is formally "aulcune de celles [des phrases] qui" ..._] Sanskrit Continually ... sâda (perishing) [_text unchanged: error for "sadâ" (always)?_] Makara [_May be an error: Sanskrit makara is crocodile or Capricorn_] King ... râj [_text unchanged: should probably be "râjan"_] Lakshma[n.]a [lakhshma[n.]a] District ... diçâ [dicâ] Varu[n.]a (the deity of the waters) [Varuna] _pertama_ (Sansk. _prathama_ ), first [pratama] Question Marks in Lessons printed . for ? Lesson V. ... _Pokoh mana handak tebang?_ Lesson XXI. ... _Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?_ Lesson XXX. ... _Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?_ Lesson XXXIX. ... _Apa sakit-nia?_ printed ? for . Lesson XXVI. ... _Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat._ --- Provided by LoyalBooks.com ---