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The Mental Life of Monkeys and Apes A Study of Ideational Behavior By: Robert M. Yerkes (1876-1956) |
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ROBERT M. YERKES
Harvard University
BEHAVIOR MONOGRAPHS
Volume 3, Number 1, 1916
Serial Number 12
Edited by JOHN B. WATSON
The Johns Hopkins University
WITH SIX PLATES AND FIVE TEXT FIGURES
CONTENTS I. Interests, opportunity and materials II. Observational problems and methods III. Results of multiple choice experiments: 1. Skirrl, Pithecus irus
2. Sobke, Pithecus rhesus
3. Julius, Pongo pygmaeus IV. Results of supplementary tests of ideational behavior: 1. Julius, Pongo pygmaeus :
Box stacking experiment
Box and pole experiment
Draw in experiment
Lock and key test
2. Skirrl, Pithecus irus :
Box stacking experiment
Box and pole experiment
Draw in experiment
Hammer and nail test
Other activities
3. Sobke, Pithecus rhesus :
Box stacking experiment
Draw in experiment
Box and pole experiment
Other activities V. Miscellaneous observations: 1. Right and left handedness
2. Instinct and emotion:
Maternal instinct
Fear
Sympathy VI. Historical and critical discussion of ideational behavior in
monkeys and apes: 1. Evidences of ideation in monkeys
2. Evidences of ideation in apes VII. Provision for the study of the primates and especially the monkeys
and anthropoid apes VIII. Bibliography I INTERESTS, OPPORTUNITY AND MATERIALS
Two strong interests come to expression in this report: the one in the
study of the adaptive or ideational behavior of the monkeys and the
apes; and the other in adequate and permanent provision for the thorough
study of all aspects of the lives of these animals. The values of these
interests and of the tasks which they have led me to undertake are so
widely recognized by biologists that I need not pause to justify or
define them. I shall, instead, attempt to make a contribution of fact on
the score of each interest. While recognizing that the task of prospecting for an anthropoid or
primate station may in its outcome prove incomparably more important for
the biological and sociological sciences and for human welfare than my
experimental study of ideational behavior, I give the latter first place
in this report, reserving for the concluding section an account of the
situation regarding our knowledge of the monkeys, apes, and other
primates, and a description of a plan and program for the thorough going
and long continued study of these organisms in a permanent station or
research institute. In 1915, a long desired opportunity came to me to devote myself
undividedly to tasks which I have designated above as "prospecting" for
an anthropoid station and experimenting with monkeys and apes. First of
all, the interruption of my academic duties by sabbatical leave gave me
free time. But in addition to this freedom for research, I needed
animals and equipment. These, too, happily, were most satisfactorily
provided, as I shall now describe. When in 1913, while already myself engaged in seeking the establishment
of an anthropoid station, I heard of the founding of such an institution
at Orotava, Tenerife, the Canary Islands, I immediately made inquiries
of the founder of the station, Doctor Max Rothmann of Berlin, concerning
his plans (Rothmann, 1912).[1] As a result of our correspondence, I was
invited to visit and make use of the facilities of the Orotava station
and to consider with its founder the possibility of coöperative work
instead of the establishing of an American station. This invitation I
gratefully accepted with the expectation of spending the greater part of
the year 1915 on the island of Tenerife. But the outbreak of the war
rendered my plan impracticable, while at the same time destroying all
reasonable ground for hope of profitable coöperation with the Germans in
the study of the anthropoids... Continue reading book >>
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