The Pianoforte Sonata Its Origin and Development   By: J. S. (John South) Shedlock (1843-1919)

PIANOFORTE SONATA

ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

BY

J.S. SHEDLOCK, B.A.

[Illustration: MONUMENT OF BERNARDO PASQUINI IN THE CHURCH OF SAN LORENZO IN LUCINA ROME

SKETCHED BY STRITCH HUTTON]

METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET, W.C. LONDON

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE

I. INTRODUCTORY 1

II. JOHANN KUHNAU 38

III. BERNARDO PASQUINI: A CONTEMPORARY OF J. KUHNAU 71

IV. EMANUEL BACH AND SOME OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES 82

V. HAYDN AND MOZART 111

VI. PREDECESSORS OF BEETHOVEN 130

VII. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN 160

VIII. TWO CONTEMPORARIES OF BEETHOVEN 192

IX. SCHUMANN, CHOPIN, BRAHMS, AND LISZT 207

X. THE SONATA IN ENGLAND 221

XI. MODERN SONATAS, DUET SONATAS, SONATINAS, ETC. 235

INDEX 241

PREFACE

This little volume is entitled "The Pianoforte Sonata: its Origin and Development." Some of the early sonatas mentioned in it were, however, written for instruments of the jack or tangent kind. Even Beethoven's sonatas up to Op. 27, inclusive, were published for "Clavicembalo o Pianoforte." The Germans have the convenient generic term "Clavier," which includes the old and the new instruments with hammer action; hence, they speak of a Clavier Sonate written, say, by Kuhnau, in the seventeenth, or of one by Brahms in the nineteenth, century.

The term "Piano e Forte" is, however, to be found in letters of a musical instrument maker named Paliarino, written, as we learn from the valuable article "Pianoforte," contributed by Mr. Hipkins to Sir George Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , already in the year 1598, and addressed to Alfonso II., Duke of Modena. The earliest sonata for a keyed instrument mentioned in this volume was published in 1695; and to avoid what seems an unnecessary distinction, I have used the term "Pianoforte Sonata" for that sonata and for some other works which followed, and which are usually and properly termed "Harpsichord Sonatas."

I have to acknowledge kind assistance received from Mr. A.W. Hutton, Mr. F.G. Edwards, and Mr. E. Van der Straeten. And I also beg to thank Mr. W. Barclay Squire and Mr. A. Hughes Hughes for courteous help at the British Museum; likewise Dr. Kopfermann, chief librarian of the musical section of the Berlin Royal Library.

J.S. SHEDLOCK.

LONDON, 1895.

THE PIANOFORTE SONATA

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

In history we find certain names associated with great movements: Luther with the Reformation, or Garibaldi with the liberation of Italy. Luther certainly posted on the door of the church at Wittenberg his famous Theses, and burnt the Papal Bull at the gates of that city; yet before Luther there lived men, such as the scholar Erasmus, who have been appropriately named Reformers before the Reformation. So, too, Cavour's cautious policy paved the way for Garibaldi's brilliant victories. Once again, Leonardo da Vinci is named as the inventor of chiaroscuro, yet he was preceded by Fra Filippo Lippi. And in similar manner, in music, certain men are associated with certain forms. Haydn, for example, is called the father of the quartet; close investigation, however, would show that he was only a link, and certainly not the first one in a long evolution. So, too, with the sonata. The present volume is, however, specially concerned with the clavier or pianoforte sonata; and for that we have a convenient starting point the Sonata in B flat of Kuhnau, published in 1695. The date is easy to remember, for in that same year died England's greatest musician, Henry Purcell.